Abstract

Introduction

Vaccine efficiency depends upon antigen selection and appropriate delivery platform. Various biomaterials such as nanoparticles, hydrogels and microneedles are used as vaccine delivery systems to enhance antigen stability, control release kinetics, and modulate immune responses. These systems overcome limitations of traditional administration routes by enabling precise targeting of immune cells.

Method

Studies in recent few years have evaluated the importance of nanoparticle formulations (lipid-based, polymeric, and inorganic), hydrogel matrices (thermosensitive and injectable), and microneedle arrays (solid, coated, and dissolving) in vaccine delivery. Comparative analysis of various biomaterials was studied.

Results

Nanoparticle formulation demonstrated efficient co-delivery of antigen–adjuvant combinations and balanced humoral and cellular immunity. Hydrogels are responsible for improved memory T-cell responses and reduced booster requirements by causing sustainable antigen release over days to weeks. Microneedle arrays provide access to needle-free administration with rapid uptake by skin-resident dendritic cells, eliciting robust mucosal and systemic immunity.

Conclusion

Biomaterial-based vaccine delivery systems are a transformative approach to next-generation immunization strategies. Nanoparticles, hydrogels, and microneedles can improve vaccine potency, reduce cold-chain dependence, and broaden accessibility by enabling targeted, sustained, and minimally invasive antigen presentation. Future research integrating smart biomaterials with AI-driven antigen design plays crucial role in accelerating both infectious disease and cancer vaccine development.