Introduction:
Protein supplements are integral to the diets of athletes and active individuals, offering convenient support for muscle synthesis, recovery, and performance. However, variations in nutrient composition, ingredient use, and labelling transparency may influence product quality and consumer choice. This study evaluated the nutrient composition and ingredient profiles of commercially available protein powders, with a focus on protein and sodium content.
Methods:
A content analysis was conducted on 204 protein powder products uploaded by Indian users and available on the TruthIn app. Nutrient data for protein and sodium were extracted from product labels, and ingredient lists were recorded verbatim. Frequencies and proportions were calculated for labelling of essential amino acids (EAAs) and branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), as well as for different protein sources, additives, and formulation patterns.
Results:
Protein content per 35 g serving ranged from 15% to 90%, with products at the lower end often containing fillers such as maltodextrin. Sodium content ranged from 0.5 mg to 465 mg per serve; 85.3% of products labelled sodium, 47.5% labelled EAAs, and 42.2% labelled BCAAs. Whey protein was the predominant source (84.3%), followed by soy (5.9%), pea (5.4%), hemp (1.5%), and milk-based proteins (2.9%). Notably, soy protein products tended to have higher sodium content compared with other protein types. Artificial sweeteners were present in 46.1% of products, thickeners and stabilisers in 47.1%, emulsifiers in 25%, and digestive enzymes in 43.6%. Natural colouring agents were found in 9.8% of products, and probiotics/prebiotics in fewer than 5%.
Conclusions:
The analysis highlights wide variation in protein content, sodium levels, and ingredient formulation among protein supplements. While many products feature innovative combinations of protein sources and functional additives, inconsistent amino acid labelling remains a limitation. Improved labelling transparency could better support athletes and practitioners in making performance-oriented choices and foster innovation in sports supplements.
