The escalating global energy demand necessitates innovative approaches to harness solar energy and convert it into sustainable chemical fuels. This research investigates the design and optimization of nanomineral-modified electrodes for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen production through direct water splitting. Specifically, we employ layered nanoclays and transition metal oxides (titanium oxide, iron oxide, and tungsten oxide) as electrode modifiers to improve charge separation, reduce electron–hole recombination, and extend light absorption into the visible spectrum. The synergistic integration of nanomineral films with metal oxide photocatalysts addresses critical limitations in current solar-to-hydrogen systems, including poor charge carrier mobility and limited photocurrent generation.

Our methodology employs a multi-stage approach: synthesis of layered nanomineral films via sol–gel and hydrothermal techniques; controlled decoration of these nanomineral surfaces with metal oxide nanoparticles to establish heterostructures; systematic characterization using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy; and evaluation of photocatalytic performance in a custom-designed photoreactor under simulated solar radiation.

Preliminary results demonstrate that nanomineral-modified metal oxide electrodes exhibit significantly enhanced photocurrent density and hydrogen evolution rates compared to unmodified counterparts. This approach promises improved solar-to-hydrogen conversion efficiency by facilitating electron transfer, creating favorable band alignments, and increasing the reactive surface area for water oxidation. The outcomes will establish design principles for next-generation photoelectrochemical devices and contribute to scaling sustainable hydrogen production for energy applications.