Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has shown promise for enhancing cognition, yet its underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood, limiting its clinical application. To gain deeper insight into these mechanisms, we conducted a study combining tDCS with continuous monitoring of cerebral blood flow (CBF) using Doppler ultrasonography during a cognitive task. Thirty-five right-handed participants were randomly assigned to receive 20 minutes of active or sham tDCS over the left inferior parietal cortex, followed by a mental arithmetic task. CBF in the middle cerebral arteries (MCA) was continuously recorded throughout the task. Velocity signals revealed three distinct phases: an early increase coinciding with stimulus presentation, a secondary peak approximately 5 seconds later, and a gradual decline below baseline. Peak amplitudes were analyzed within defined time windows (5–6 s, 14–18 s, 21–24 s). Preliminary results indicate that active tDCS enhanced the early CBF response bilaterally, while the late response in the right MCA was attenuated compared to sham. These findings suggest that tDCS may facilitate arithmetic performance by amplifying preparatory activation and suppressing irrelevant neural activity, thereby focusing resources on task-relevant regions supplied by the left MCA. Furthermore, this study demonstrates that Doppler ultrasonography provides a reliable, real-time measure of neurovascular changes induced by tDCS, offering a valuable window into its underlying mechanisms. Overall, these results support the notion that tDCS can modulate distributed brain networks to optimize cognitive function, highlighting its potential for targeted cognitive enhancement interventions.