Introduction. Digital inequality research has increasingly shown that internet access is not simply a matter of being online or offline, but additionally reflects differences in where and how people connect across daily environments. Drawing from later-life digital inclusion perspectives, access can be understood as a patterned resource shaped by mobility, functional capacity, and opportunities for engagement across settings. This distinction may be particularly important in later life, when functional limitations can shape mobility and the flexibility of digital engagement. Methods. Using a nationally representative sample of 32,837 adults aged 50 and older in the U.S. from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a federal household survey, this study examined whether functional difficulty was associated with three internet access patterns: access limited to home, access across home and outside settings, and access limited to outside settings (e.g., library). Multinomial logistic regression models were estimated using internet-use supplement weights, adjusting for sociodemographic factors. Results. Functional difficulty was associated with a significantly higher likelihood of access limited to home rather than access limited to outside settings (RRR = 1.596, 95% CI [1.353, 1.883], p < .001). Functional difficulty was not significantly associated with access across home and outside settings compared to access limited to outside settings (RRR = 0.906, 95% CI [0.771, 1.065], p = .233). Older age and female gender were also associated with a greater likelihood of access limited to home, while a bachelor’s degree or above was linked to higher likelihood of access across home and outside settings. Conclusion. These data suggest that functional limitations may not always prevent internet access altogether, but may instead shape more constrained forms of connectivity centered at home. Moving beyond a binary view of access, this study highlights the importance of understanding digital inclusion in later life as patterned, location-dependent, and shaped by functional capacity.
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Beyond Internet Access: Functional Difficulty and Patterns of Digital Connectivity Among Americans in Later Life
Published:
25 May 2026
by MDPI
in The 1st International Online Conference on Social Sciences
session Aging, Childhood and Youth Studies
Abstract:
Keywords: digital inequality; digital inclusion; older adults; disability; internet access; later life
