Electrospinning is a powerful and cost-effective method that applies a strong electric field and polymer solution to fabricate versatile nanofiber using a wide array of raw materials for different biological applications. Electrospun nanofibers have developed as potential materials for the manufacturing of nanocarriers for therapeutic platforms due to controllable surface decoration, large surface areas, complex pore structure, good surface functionalization with high biocompatibility. The prominence of this technique is the possibility of merging low soluble drugs loaded in the nanofibers to enhance drug release and bioavailability. Incorporation of metal nanomaterials with electrocatalytic and/or plasmonic features into electrospun polymer nanofiber enhances thermodynamic and mechanical properties to obtain synergetic function and properties. This review discussed an overview on the theory of electrospinning, achievements and concerns, and challenges currently face in fabricating an efficient drug delivery system. Additionally, the drug-loaded into electrospun nanocarriers for drug delivery applications and opportunities, and insights into future prospects were explained.