Fresh Water scarceness is the global concern and is caused by overuse of water, exceeding the sustainable level. In Pakistan, over population, climate change alleviation, and economic development is influencing the valuable asset of water. For water management, development and conservation; the policy makers needs to formulate appropriate plans and projects. For this purpose they need to evaluate the impact of different projects and plans, and requires considerable data and information. Different tools are being adopted for Integrated Water resource Management. Among them, WEAP is user friendly, reliable and efficient; and is used widely across the globe. It will aid the policy makers to develop suitable projects and plans. This study was carried out by using WEAP, in Lower Bari Doab Canal Command area (LBDC), Punjab, Pakistan. This study throw light on the current water allocation situation and simulated scenarios of population growth rates and economic growth to evaluate the future water demand situation. The results of current account year (2015) showed that the domestic water demand of Okara (101.51MCM) and Agricultural water demand (1713 MCM) of Sahiwal was observed to be maximum among four districts. Unmet demand was found to be maximum for the districts laying in the tail end (Sahiwal and Khanewal). The results of the scenarios showed that if the current water consumption, population growth and economic development continues, unmet demand will increase in the future and; if the population grows at higher rate and economic development increases it will results in Higher Unmet water demand in the coming years. WEAP was found to user friendly and efficient model to determine the water demand.

Pakistan depends heavily on the Indus River Basin System (IRBS). The IRBS is essential for meeting the great majority of Pakistan's agricultural and home consumption requirements. The Indus River is responsible for over 90% of Pakistan's agricultural output and accounts for 25% of the country's GDP. Because of the problems with the water supply, Pakistan may soon face serious food scarcity. By 2025, the water deficit is expected to reach 32%, according to the World Bank's 2020-2021 study, leading to a food deficit of about 70 million tonnes. Due to the fact that river sharing has historically been a contentious issue in Pakistan, a lack of water resources may potentially lead to conflict between the country's many provinces. Recent predictions suggest that by 2025, the water storage capacity would be reduced by over 30% due to siltation and climate change. Pakistan has a very low per capita water storage capacity, at about 150 m³. As a result of decreasing surface water supplies and rising groundwater abstraction, the viability of irrigated agriculture may soon be threatened. To make things worse, the successive federal administrations of Pakistan have been unable to create a unified inter-provincial National Water Policy, leading to decades of growing mistrust among the country's provinces over the problem of water distribution. Corruption in administrative positions is endemic in the water industry, adding to the problems of scarcity and rising demand. Small and medium-sized capitalist farmers stand to gain from this water reallocation scheme just as much as the rural elite, such as wealthy and politically powerful landowners. These challenges associated with dwindling water supplies have the potential to spark major political and economic enmity amongst provinces if they aren't handled. In order to maximize its potential for increased storage, Pakistan has to enhance its water-use efficiency and implement sustainable strategies for managing its groundwater and surface water resources. The crucial aspects in keeping irrigated agriculture viable in the Indus Basin are developing the infrastructure and eliminating distrust among the provinces.

The occurrence of floods is a constantly increasing phenomenon which is associated with a series of environmental, economic and social impacts. Their valuation is inextricably linked to the loss of human life and material damage. The latter has a direct economic impact and requires financial resources to be repaired or reconstructed in order to continue to provide the required amount of protection in the future. The tools for assessing the financial cost of repairing damage or failure of technical/structural works constructed for flood protection are critical aids in flood project management by governmental authorities and public organizations responsible. These tools can provide spatial data linked to construction and repair costs for identifying problematic spots and areas that repeatedly show structural inability to prevent flooding. This leads to a flood risk assessment tool and can record information that supports decision-making procedures in order to formulate action and management plans related to flood planning.

In the case study area of Strymon River in Greece, the implemented flood protection and hydraulic structural works were recorded, with their spatial and descriptive information combined with failure repeatability, their initial construction costs and damage/repair costs. All data were imported in a web-based GIS tool that, through a methodological framework and after correlating other necessary information (flooding episodes, infrastructure, public networks, etc.), projected the economic cost of flood events by region, thus prioritizing the needs for additional projects or improvement actions, by forming different cost-benefit scenarios and a road-map for flood protection.

This paper explores the planned resettlement process and its social impact induced by the Tha Htay Hydropower project in Myanmar. Through the empirical case study, the status of direct impact on resettled people, changes of their livelihood, policy orientation towards practical limitations, practical consequences of resettlement and inadequate preparation for resettlement implementation were studied as verifiable evidences. In this paper, the survey data was made from responses of resettled people from three resettled villages; Maewa, Payit and Yegauk. Then, the researchers tried to understand them and interpreted them into the real condition of the project affected people because higher degree of their dissatisfaction caused negatively effect on the project whereas higher degree of satisfaction leads to its positively effect. In this paper, a quantitative method was used to analyze the planned resettlement and its social impact. As survey descriptive design, simple random sampling method was utilized to collect samples from target population with contribution of structural questionnaires. The collected data was presented by mean and standard deviation to decide the effectiveness of the resettlement project. The study found that social impact was considered to carry out after the construction of the hydropower project had begun. Then, the policy constraint in the resettlement process was verified. Therefore, they led to insufficient preparation and implementation of resettlement. To meet future development requirements of planned resettlement process with less social impact in hydropower development projects, recommendations are made for compensation of farmland where the people’s livelihoods are land based and additional livelihood packages.

Effective treatment and disinfection of source waters and the safe delivery of potable water to customers require a comprehensive understanding of water quality changes from source to tap. Variations in source water quality, treatment and supply operations, and water demand present significant challenges to maintaining consistent water quality across the system and can lead to areas that suffer from low residual, nitrification episodes, and chemical or microbial water quality violations. Prediction of water quality within distribution systems, including disinfectant residual loss and by-product generation, has been a subject of applied research since the early 1990’s. Almost all scientists who have suggested existing models of chlorine decay in the literature state that their models rank among the most effective models of chlorine decay. However, there have been numerous disputes and discussions among researchers and experts regarding the superiority of certain models over others. In this study the currently existing process based bulk decay models were modified by replacing initial chlorine concentration parameter with chlorine demand in their equations and the results showed that this modification could improve the performance of the models by 38.03%, 28.02%, 23.11% and 33.29% in average for First Order Model (FOM), Parallel First Order Model (PFOM), Second Order Model (SOM) and Parallel Second Order Model (PSOM), respectively. In addition, it was proven that the chlorine decay prediction in water distribution system can be modified and robust to be used as an online tool for predicting residual chlorine in different locations of distribution system over time rather than to be restricted by off-line use and planning-level analysis. In this regard, an online predictive method based on a machine learning algorithm was introduced and implemented in this study to predict first order chlorine bulk decay rate by feeding water quality parameters as the inputs. Hence, a Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) model was trained and used to predict the kinetic parameter in FOM, and the results showed that although the accuracy of predictions for the test set was high for most of the cases, the high sensitivity of the FOM to its kinetic parameter (first order decay rate coefficient) resulted in high MSE values in some of the Total Residual Chlorine (TRC) predictions. However, the high correlation coefficients between the predicted and actual TRC values represents the fact that the model could properly identify the substantial process behind TRC prediction based on water quality parameters. In addition, a novel methodology was introduced and suggested in this study based on the obtained results to be applied in real water distribution system for an optimized online prediction of residual chlorine. By incorporating the variability of source natural organic matter, along with operational actions and water demands, the proposed approach seeks to address a long-standing research challenge to develop high fidelity and robust water quality predictions – well suited to providing operational decision support for optimized distribution system management. This research is supported by the National Research Foundation, Singapore, and PUB, Singapore’s National Water Agency under its Urban Solutions & Sustainability Competitive Research Program (Water) PUB-1804-0084.

Pakistan is primarily an agricultural nation. Agriculture is the backbone of our economy, and it accounts for around 19.3 percent of our total gross domestic product. Pakistan ranks among the world's top 10 producers of wheat, maize, rice, cotton, and sugarcane, according to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. It also cultivates edible oil seed crops. Water is the most important parameter of which we use for the cultivation of various crops. Pakistan is a country where irrigation water is extremely valuable. Irrigation schedule affects a crop's agronomic and economic viability. For the sake of water conservation as well as enhanced crop yields, it is essential. Based on monitoring soil water levels and crop water requirements, irrigation scheduling can be used to apply water for cultivation in accordance with predefined schedules. How much water to be apply when to a particular crop depends heavily on the kind of soil and weather circumstances this is an important practical component of irrigation. Crop water requirements and crop coefficients are the most significant parameters that must be determined precisely at local levels to determine how much water is required for crop growth at various stages. There are many approaches for determining crop water requirements, but Lysimeters is the most effective. Lysimeters are devices that are routinely used to determine agricultural water requirements all around the world. The water required by different crops like wheat, oat, carrot, and maize at different crop growth stages was determined using non-weighing type lysimeters in this study. To compute the crop coefficient, the Penman–Monteith equation was used, which takes into account daily mean temperature, wind speed, humidity, and solar radiation as inputs to the equation. Reference values for evapotranspiration during this period are taken from the metrology station. The water requirement of wheat crop of variety Fakhre Bhakhar and Anaj-17 are 328.4mm and their crop coefficients or kc values were in between 0.49 to 0.81. The water required by carrot crop 54mm and its crop coefficients taken out from the study are in between 0.78 to 0.94. Water requirement of maize crop for hybrid variety was found to be 362.6mm and its crop coefficients were in between 0.22 to 1.44. Water required by oat crop throughout its season with including three time harvesting is 303.4mm and its crop coefficient is 0.29 to 0.81. Water requirements of each crop and crop coefficients calculated by this study are close enough to recommend by FAO.

Water resources, and several water-related sectors such as energy, fuels, industry, agriculture, and the economy are increasingly affected by the evident impacts of climate change on environmental resources and extreme events, issues of ageing and mismanaged infrastructure, natural and qualitative water scarcity, and recent changes such as recession, wars, population movements, increased energy and resources demand, Covid-19.

A multi-objective optimization model for the water allocation from limited resources to meet increasing demands in multiple sectors has been developed, in an attempt to conceptualize the situation described above and balance different goals. We present the conceptual model with its detailed structure, which can be applied for any timespan at a monthly or annual time step. The model considers the following available water supply sources: groundwater, surface water, desalinated water, and treated wastewater. The water uses considered are: domestic (urban), agricultural and industrial sectors. The Goal Programming technique has been used to solve the optimization model, considering different maximization and minimization objectives, as well as the input of stakeholders, as weights of importance to these goals. The decision variable is the volume of water from each source allocated to each user, in a way that minimizes water demand deficits, overproductions in water supply, and exceedances on the available economic resources, based on the supply costs. The water quality is controlled through the allowable quality parameter thresholds per use. The model can be coupled with hydrological models that will estimate the water supply available per source and its quality, the water demand per use, and economic models accounting for the relevant costs.

This model can be tested under different management strategies, or future scenarios (e.g. climate change), by altering certain parameters. The code has been developed in Python, and is expected to be a useful resource for modelers and water planners.

In coastal and abiding zones, ground water continuously facing very slight but alarming increasing trend in salinity due to several reasons such as its excess loss or use, with constant dissolve of salts from earth surface and heat-trapping pollution from human activities, rising sea levels and finally high flooding. Many recent studies indicate such slight elevation in ground water salinity that may as insults to the fresh water inhabitants, was the driving force, to comprehensively investigate the effects of low salinity stress on the coastal zone fresh water inhabitants. The present study was aimed to carefully investigate the effects of sub-lethal salinity on multiple aspects such as the growth pattern, morphometric changes, haematological alternation, altered histology and generation of oxidative stress in different tissues of Heteropneustes fossilis, a hardy fish model. Fishes were exposed to sub-lethal salinity i.e. 3, 6 and 9 ppt for 45 days against a control set (tap water, ~0 ppt) under constantly monitored pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen and alkalinity. Correlation and discriminant function analysis indicate that sub-lethal salinity acts as a strong modulator in fish physiology. Decline in the studied parameters such as gain in body weight, feed intake and morphometry in higher salinities was confirmed which finally attributed to decline in the growth of the fish. Significant loss in haemoglobin content, RBC count and eosinophils was coupled with amelioration in neutrophil count at higher salinities of 6 and 9 ppt. Normal histo-architecture was also lost in the fish, might be due to the generated oxidative stress levels and/or osmotic imbalances in the accessory respiratory organ, brain, liver, gill and muscle tissues of the fish. Therefore, loss of compromised normal physiology due to the toxic effects of low salinity in the inhabitants including hardy fishes under changing climatic conditions (that leads to increase the ground water salinity) alarms about maintaining fresh water quality in coastal and allied zone globally in coming decades.

According to recent works, the diurnal cycle is more geographically pronounced in places such as South America, and this analysis aims to observe how climate variability is associated with meteorological phenomena at different scales. For this, a set of hourly data from rain gauges throughout Brazil was collected, and through 411 automatic rain gauges, the data were selected between January 1, 2008, and December 31, 2020. clustered multivariate statistics were performed for regional characterization of the data, with sets of 4, 5, and 6 groups. The identification of the occurrence of different daily cycles on the sub-daily scale demonstrates intense rainfall associated with different meteorological phenomena and spatial variations.

Adequate, safe, and accessible water constitutes an essential resource for life is an indispensable factor for the survival of humanity. Water quality affects human health, living conditions and enhances the socio­economic development of a biological community. That’s why improving access to safe drinking water can result in tangible benefits to health and every effort should be made to achieve a satisfactory quality of drinking water. In order to ensure uncontaminated water for water supply, industry, and agriculture, water quality is defined by microbiological, biological, chemical, and physical indicators. The content of feces and harmful chemical compounds as well as the presence of an unpleasant smell are the main indicators of water pollution. Water monitoring is regulated with the aim to protect human health from the adverse effects of polluted water by monitoring indicator parameters. Regulation for water quality parameters is provided by the Ordinance on Compliance Parameters, Analysis Methods, Monitoring and Water Safety Plans for Human Consumption and Register of Legal Entities that Perform Activity of Public Water Supply. For the purpose of proving drinking water safety, a water sampling was performed at ten different locations, which are part of the water supply network of the town of Virovitica in Croatia and its surroundings. The results showed that all the analyzed parameters (pH, temperature, nitrates, nitrites, ammonium, conductivity, chlorides, BOD, turbidity, iron, manganese, Escherichia coli, fecal coliforms, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) were in accordance with the Ordinance, i.e., that the quality of water for human consumption was satisfactory.