A morphometric analysis and its comparison was carried out using two multi-resolution DEMs-MERIT and FABDEM for a region in North Eastern Himalayas. The study area includes districts – Kamrup Rural, Kamrup Metropolitan, Dhubri, Bongaigaon, Nalbari, Kokrajhar, Goalpara which are located in the state of Assam. The area was selected as it is highly prone to flood every year and was also recently affected by flood in the year 2022. It is also a region of economic importance. The MERIT DEM developed by Dr. Yamazaki,University of Tokyo by removing multiple error components from existing spaceborne DEMs (SRTM and AW3D) represents the terrain elevations at a 3 sec resolution (~90m at the equator), whereas the FABDEM is a global elevation map that removes building and tree height biases from Copernicus GLO 30 DEM with 30m resolution. In this study, watershed delineation and morphometric parameters were computed and analysed using Archydro tools and HecGeoHMS in Arcmap (v 10.5).The parameters classified as basic, linear, shape and relief aspects were derived and calculated by using standard methods. Some important parameters such as stream length, stream order, bifurcation ratio, drainage density etc. derived from both the DEMs were compared. From this study, it was observed that MERIT DEM performed better in terms of the drainage delineation and morphometric analysis of the basin for our study area compared to FABDEM, thereby suggesting that MERIT DEM work well in the study area chosen.

Given the complex climate of the Brazilian Northeast, its variable rainfall regime in spatial and temporal scales due to multiple geographic factors and the action of various atmospheric systems, as well as intense precipitation events becoming increasingly present and strong, are incipient the initiatives to analyze extreme rainfall on a sub-daily scale. Thus, characterizing the spatial and temporal distribution of IPESS on the NEB, analyzing the seasonality of the number of events for each location and the influence of interannual variability in the occurrence of these events, became the objective of that work. For this, hourly precipitation observations were collected from 119 automatic surface weather stations spread across the NEB, between 2009 and 2018. The night period presented the highest amounts of IPESS. The meteorological stations Ibimirim/PE and Ilhéus/BA had the highest and lowest number of occurrences, respectively. The amplitude of the values of Q presented the thresholds of the stations with the values of 3.4 mm as a minimum, and 28.6 mm as a maximum, referring to the stations of Petrolina/PE and São Luís/MA, respectively. Among the capitals, Teresina/PI had the highest number of EPIES, as well as João Pessoa/PB the lowest, not only among the capitals, but also the second with the lowest number in general. It was observed that during 2009 the events were more frequent, while 2012 presented the smallest amounts.

The combination of climate change and environmental pollution has impacted the quality and quantity of drinking water available from conventional freshwater sources. In response to dwindling potable water resources, a growing number of alternative water sources have now emerged from technologies that were introduced or vastly improved (in terms of production capacity or energy efficiency) over the last two decades. These technologies include desalinated ocean or brackish waters, condensed atmospheric water and captured cloud/fog water, all of which produce waters that often lack the minerals and other natural properties of ground and surface waters. Hence, these alternative waters are increasingly amended with salts or liquid mineral solutions, adjusted for pH and ORP, and treated in other ways to improve taste or enhance human health.

A review of the ways in which alternative waters are amended or altered suggests that some are better researched or more effective than others. For example, trace minerals (e.g., iodine, selenium) are overwhelmingly provided by food and not water, whereas water can serve as a supplemental source of major minerals (e.g., calcium, magnesium). ORP and pH adjustments not only address taste, but also reportedly enhance specific health parameters (e.g., hydration, immunity, antioxidant activity), some of which are controversial. Adding salts, gases or organics to water and treating water with various energies (e.g., thermal, electromagnetic) are discussed from the standpoint of their proposed mechanisms and potential benefits. Recent insights into the physics and chemistry of water, combined with an improved understanding of the factors that influence human taste and health, provide a framework for both evaluating and designing enhancements to alternative waters.

Addressing natural hazards's complexity is essential in preventing human fatalities and conserving natural ecosystems as natural hazards are varied and unbalanced in both time and place. So, the main objective of this study is to present a Flood Vulnerability Hazard Map and its evaluation for hazard management and land use planning. The inventory map of natural hazard- flood is generated for different Flood locations using multiple official reports. To generate the vulnerability maps, a total number of 7 geo-environmental parameters are chosen as predictors in Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) machine learning technique and Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP). The accuracy assessment of the predicted output models from MaxEnt are evaluated using receiver operating characteristic-ROC curves and calculating the area under the ROC curve-AUCROC. Similarly, for AHP outputs the accuracy was tested using the generated inventory map. It is observed that topographical wetness index, elevation, and annual mean rainfall are significant for detecting Floods. Finally, Flood hazard maps are generated and a comparative analysis was performed for both methods. According to the study's findings, hazard maps could be a useful tool for local authorities to identify places that are vulnerable to hazards on a large scale.

In arid environments, specifically Africa, inadequate water sources have resulted in poor-quality water use in business and agricultural industries. This can also negatively impact the ecosystem along with the industry's water management.

In solar power generation facilities, evaporating basins are usually used to release and store industrial contaminated wastewater. Examination of the environmental implications and concerns of this experience suggests such form of wastewater discharge in order to reduce industrial effluents’ direct release into the environment.

Unfortunately, this strategy could have far-reaching global environmental consequences and issues. In this research, we examined the evolution of the effluent's Physico-chemical characteristics over a long period using a methodological approach for a power station located in Morocco; the findings of this practical study show a significant increase in the physicochemical characteristics of the wastewater released in the evaporating basins, which might be interpreted by an increase in water pollution.

In the situation of an unintended incident wastewater spill, water contamination poses a significant risk to the environment and may negatively impact wildlife. Recycling industrial effluent reduces environmental and ecological difficulties.

The primary objective of this study is to examine wastewater recycling and the generation of treated water in a solar still utilizing renewable energy in order to minimize the environmental and ecological problems associated with wastewater discharged into evaporating basins. This concept requires a thorough consideration of the design of the solar still as well as the renewable energy sources that could be utilized in conjunction with the solar still

In this work the analytical solution to the second order fuzzy unsteady partial differential one-dimensional Boussinesq equation is examined. The physical problem concerns unsteady flow in a semi-infinite unconfined aquifer bordering a lake. There is a sudden rise and subsequent stabilization in the water level of the lake, thus the aquifer is recharging from the lake. The fuzzy solution is presented by a simple algebraic equation for the head profiles. This equation requires the knowledge of the initial and boundary conditions as well as the various soil parameters. The above auxiliary conditions are subject to different kinds of uncertainty due to human and machine imprecision and create ambiguities to the solution of the problem and a fuzzy method is introduced. Since the physical problem refers to a partial differential equation, the generalized Hukuhara derivative was used, as well as the extension of this theory regarding the partial derivatives. The objective of this paper is to compare the fuzzy analytical results, with the Runge-Kutta method, in order to prove the reliability and efficiency of the proposed fuzzy analytical method. This comparison attests to the accuracy of the former. Additionally, this results to a fuzzy number for water level profiles as well as for the water volume variation, whose α-cuts, provide, according to Possibility Theory, the water levels and the water volume confidence intervals with probability P=1-α.

One of the main factors affecting the development of any country is clean and fresh water. Providing the population with access to safe drinking water is the priority goal of the Government of Mongolia. Groundwater quality issues are crucial for sustainable water resources management in many countries worldwide, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. In the study, focuses on the central settlement of Sukhbaatar province which considered and characterized by semi-arid climate. A total of 48 groundwater samples were collected from 13 soums in 2021, and major ions and trace elements were analyzed to evaluate the suitability of groundwater for drinking purposes. The dominant hydro-chemical facies of groundwater were the Na-HCO3 type, which represents 47.9% of the total analyzed samples, while Ca- HCO3 represents 16.7%, Ca-mixed represents 14.6%, HCO3-Na-Mg, HCO3-Mg-Na each represent 8.3%, and mixed-Na-Mg and mixed-Na each represent 2.1% of the total samples. The water supply wells of West-Urt Sum and the central wells of Asgat, Khalzan, and Erdenetsagaan sums have water that does not meet the requirements of drinking water standards due to the content of magnesium, fluorine, and uranium ions. Also, the fluoride ion content in most wells exceeds the drinking water standard, while the fluoride content of Dariganga Sum water is less than the drinking water standard, and Munkhkhaan Sum is suitable. 22 or 45.8% of all samples do not meet drinking water standards due to uranium content, and 11 or 22.9% of all samples have nitrate pollution. These findings suggests that appropriate groundwater management and the protection of public health in the Sukhbaatar province.

It is well known that the circulation in the upper sea layer is significantly depended on atmospheric fluxes. However, the influence of atmospheric forcing on the structure of deep-water circulation is not so obvious. For the Black Sea, this problem is complicated by the presence of a strong vertical density gradient (permanent pycnocline) which blocks seawater vertical exchange. This work presents model estimations of the Black Sea thermohaline and dynamic fields at different depths, obtained as a result of numerical simulations using various atmospheric forcing. The model circulation is driven by the input fields of wind stress, heat fluxes, precipitation and evaporation according to SKIRON and ERA5 data with a resolution of 0.1° and 0.25°, respectively. Numerical simulations are carried out based on the eddy-resolving z-model of the Marine Hydrophysical Institute RAS without data assimilation. 2016 is selected as test period due to the large amount of observational data. Open access data of ARGO floats positioning and profiling, as well as R/V Cruise measurement data are used to validate the simulation results.

It was found that the Black Sea thermohaline structure is reconstructed more accurately when using ERA5 forcing compared to the experiment using SKIRON. The temperature RMSE between the model and measurement data decreases on average by 27%, the salinity RMSE – by 20% in the layer from 0 to 1500 m. In the velocity field, an intensification of the cyclonic current is observed at the periphery of the basin in the upper 50-m layer. The change in the direction of the alongshore subpycnocline current from the northwestern (cyclonic) to the northeastern (anticyclonic) is modeled near the northeastern continental slope, and is confirmed by the trajectory of the ARGO float ID6901833 drifting at a parking depth of 200 m.

Microbial fuel cells based on microalgae (mMFCs) have attracted interest as long-term wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Through the metabolic activities of electro exogenic microorganisms, the mMFC incorporating these microorganisms can transform organic energy present in wastewater into electricity [1]. mMFCs can also sequester CO2 from the air and remove nitrogen pollutants from water. In this work, domestic wastewater was treated in the anodic compartment of a dual chamber mMFC. The anode and cathode were separated by a proton exchange membrane (PEM). Wetland treated water filled the cathodic compartment, and algal biomass was used as an effective catholyte. The influence of different working modes of micro algae based microbial fuel cells, such as batch and continuous mode, as well as different load implementations, on voltage was measured and analysed. To acquire the combined effect of voltage, two mMFCs in batch mode and one in continuous mode were linked in series. The overall voltage of 1.85V was used to run a 1-liter microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) operating at a temperature of 25^oC, pH range of 4.5 to 5.5, and a chemical oxygen demand COD of 10,000 mg/L. COD was eliminated with a 73 percent efficiency after treatment, and the hydrogen production rate was 9.8 ± 0.2 mL L^-1 d^-1. When compared to a continuous system, COD removal was found to be higher in Batch Mode. Both systems produced similar open circuit voltages. The continuous system had a higher columbic efficiency than the batch mode. The closed circuit voltage of a continuous system is higher than that of a batch system since it receives wastewater feed on a continual basis. The system may be scaled up to a pilot level of 1000 to 1200 L of working volume. A scaled-up system has the potential to generate significant amounts of bioelectricity, algal biomass, and biohydrogen.

References:

[1] Wastewater Treatment with Microbial Fuel Cells: A Design and Feasibility Study for Scale-up in Microbreweries. (2016). Journal Of Bioprocessing & Biotechniques. doi: 10.4172/2155-9821.1000267

Textile wastewater is a challenging input stream for treatment by membrane separation technology due to its complex structure and the presence of reactive components. Therefore, most of the conventional technologies appear incapable of offering satisfactory treatment for the effluents. This paper studies the application of activated carbon, carbon nanotubes, and graphene oxide base polymeric nanofiltration membranes (NF) in the textile industry, which usually produces large volumes of wastewater containing complex contaminants from its daily operation. Hence, it is accepted that NF membranes offer solutions to the problem. The primary performances of NF membranes have been examined in terms of dye rejection, salt rejection, permeate flux, and COD rejection. Some of the NF membranes achieved maximum separation of dye and salts while some attained higher flux. This is due to the large variability of the parameters of textile wastewater and the NF membranes selected. However, for all these attempts, the general issue of (bio)fouling represents a key barrier to full-scale industrial implementation. The low fouling tendency of NF membranes has lately gained substantial attention since they are an exciting addition to conventional. The polymer membrane blended with oxidized Activated Carbon, Carbon nanotubes and Graphene oxide increased hydrophilicity, textile dyes, salt rejection, BSA rejection, antibacterial activity, and water flux enhancement from 60% to 100%. We present some nanocomposite membrane developments and demonstrate how they can be used to reduce textile dyes. In addition, the process of membrane fouling and the various approaches for preventing and controlling fouling are discussed.