Snow is one of the most important sources of water in most parts of the world, which supplies about a third of the water needed for agricultural activities, drinking, and underground water sources. The runoff caused by melted snow can be destructive, also the numerous volume of snow can lead to an avalanche, so it's important to estimate it. The area of the snow research is around Goose Lake in California, the USA where the ground snow measuring station is (Latitude: 41.92999, Longitude: -120.4168117). The snow can be measured and calculated using the Daily Satellite imagery of the Landsat for five years' period (2017–2022) for about four months (December–March) (total of about 40 images. The information from ground snow measuring stations was used to evaluate the final results. The accuracy assessment shows 76% accuracy.

The coastal area of Safi between Cap Beddouza and Jorf Lihoudi is dominated by different forms of marine cliffs forming the coastline, with rock formations ranging from Jurassic to Quaternary. The main coastal geological risk is the instabilities of these cliffs due to falls and collapses of blocks as well as landslides. The aim of this paper is to give detailed information on the rate of cliff summit recession for the last 66 years, obtained by applying the DSAS model, in parallel with the identification of unstable elements, including their different parameters such as size, abundance, activity in time and their effect on the recession of the cliff top, which are fundamental information for the evolution models of sea cliffs. These phenomena constitute a significant economical, social, and environmental risk.

The understanding of carbonate rock heterogeneity under subsurface conditions are still in debate due to variation in mineral composition and changes in rock textures during/after diagenesis. However, several studied utilized the electrofacies code with using conventional set of logs to draw a detailed description of reservoir carbonate rocks. This study draws the precise modelling design for cretaceous carbonate reservoir characterization through micro- and -macro porous media and permeable zones, integrates the lithological variation with hundreds measurement of porosity/permeability values along two bore wells in Amara Oilfield. This study presents more than 1800 measurements with detailed description of lithological and reservoir characterization accordingly in Am1 and Am3 borewells form west to east, respectively. From west, the plugged samples obtained from Mishrif formations, while from east, the samples obtained from Khasib, Mishrif and Yamama formations. The porosity and permeability distribution in subsurface settings were divided into three porous-permeable zones in Am1 and AM3. The Am1 in the west shows a highest porous-permeable zone than Am3 in the east of Amara Oilfield. Therefore, the porous-permeable subsurface distribution and thier petrophysical mapping for different kinds of reservoirs reveal that the porosity and permeability measurements decreased from west to east, however, few fluctuations in increasing and decreasing of porosity and permeability values mostly controlled by involvement of diagenetic fluids which caused a heterogeneity in carbonate rocks.

The phylogenetic relationships of turtles (Testudines) challenge cladistics by demonstrating the inherent weaknesses of this non-Darwinian method of phylogeny reconstruction. Recent cladistic analyses identify sauropterygians as the closest relatives of turtles, and even identify at least one sauropterygian, Pappochelys, as a turtle. This is based largely on convergence of several characters associated with environmental adaptation, including relative lengths of phalanges, dense gastralia placement (assumed proto-plastron) and a well-defined intertrochanteric fossa. The lack of failure testing to identify such convergence is important in the analysis of unusual taxa because it can force a taxon into the in-group as a methodological artifact, as with cladistic placement of Eunotosaurus within Testudines. Eunotosaurus was not placed in a wider vertebrate phylogeny, which later identified it is a basal member of the Caseidae. Characteristics shared by caseids and Testudines contributed to this mistake, including relative head to body size, posterior jaw articulation and a reduced number of dorsal ribs and vertebrae. Late Triassic Chinlechelys provides a useful window into these varied cladistic problems due to anatomical convergence. It demonstrates an intermediate step between a carapace with neighboring ribs and a carapace fused with ribs. This earlier state lacked the organizing role of the ribs in the carapace and had multiple rows of costals (dorsal osteoderms) arranged at an angle to the ribs, a condition only known in some pareiasaurs. This fits with an evo-devo model of gradual change creating a new structure (carapace) followed by adaptive radiation filling the new niches opened by that structure.

Flood is one of the most damaging natural hazards, and timely detection of it is very important to save human lives and assess the level of damage. Floods usually occur in certain weather conditions such as excessive rainfall, which makes the presence of clouds in the sky of the region very likely. For this reason, radar-based sensors are the most suitable choice for real-time flood mapping. In the present study, the ETCI 2021 flood event detection competition dataset, organized by the NASA Advanced Concepts and Implementation Team in collaboration with the IEEE GRSS Geoscience Informatics Technical Committee, has been used. Moreover, we have utilized the U-Net architecture as a segmentation model to map flooded regions. This study aims to identify flooded areas from radar images of the study area in two different polarizations. By examining and comparing the obtained results, it was observed that the network designed to identify flooded areas in VV polarization has made better predictions and the Intersection Over Union (IOU) score has improved from 64.46 to 67.35 compared to VH polarization.

Geology, as a basic science within the natural sciences, is one of the key areas of knowledge for students in both, primary and secondary education. However, when teaching the areas related to geology, many doubts arise both, for teachers and students. In the case of students from the Canary Islands, who live literally on volcanic islands, geology becomes even more important and its teaching becomes mandatory. Geological concepts and processes form part of their environment, their heritage and it is also relevant in terms of the exploitation of natural resources and ecosystems around them.

During the 2021-2022 academic year, and within the educational project “Ciencia a lo grande” (Science in a big way), a number of practical workshops on volcanoes have been designed and developed in 9 primary schools in Tenerife, with the target audience being either, students or teachers, who also received specific training to be able to continue on their own the activities in the following years. The workshops were very successful, partly due to the interest around all the information surrounding the last eruption that took place in the Canary Islands archipelago, Tajogaite volcano in the neighboring island of La Palma. For this reason, there was great motivation between teachers and students. The workshops have been focused on the activation of perception and awareness of our environment, highlighting the volcanic structures that each center has around it and their morphological characteristics, differentiating them from other prominent volcanoes in the Canary Islands and all around the world. In addition, these activities aimed to develop their understanding of the different types of lava, its viscosity and the connection between this parameter and the explosiveness of eruptions, using experiences with low cost materials that were familiar, manipulative and interesting and accessible for the pupils. A set of worksheets adapted to each educational level was also created to carry out a practical activity to recognise and identify different types of volcanoes using aerial imagery. Finally, the results of the experimental activity were used to talk to students about volcanic risks according to the viscosity of the lava in the area where they live and how to act in the event of a possible volcanic emergency. In this work, the achievements pointed by teachers are also included.

The Spanish education system is undergoing a profound transformation due to the implementation of a new education law. In this work, we will make a comparison between the old and new educational laws about the content related to Geology in primary education. Moreover, the Spanish curriculum will be compared to the New Generation Science Standards (NGSS), since this is the reference curriculum used by the largest American research institutions (NASA, USGS, NPS, Universities, ...). This study will analyze the specific curriculum that will be implemented in the Canary Islands (Spain). In this sense, we will pay special attention to the treatment of the volcanic phenomenon and the use of the Canarian geological resources. The Geology of the XXI century is characterized by its interdisciplinarity, where subjects such as Physics, Mathematics, Chemistry, Ethics or Engineering play a fundamental role. Is this taken into account in the new education law? Finally, we will offer a series of didactical tips to give students and teachers of primary education a broader, engaging and motivating vision of Geology that awakens their curiosity towards Earth Sciences.

Cities and towns are growing rapidly because of increasing population, which is not always contributing to the growth and prosperity of cities and towns, but also contribute to their associated problems, like waste generation and its management. This is directly questioning the sustainability of urbanization. On the other, the quantity of waste is increasing with increasing population, is a serious issue which requires proper planning. A number of processes are involved for management of solid waste, like siting, monitoring, collection, transportation, processing and disposing. However, foremost after collection of solid waste, a site is required for disposing and processing. The present study attempts to use Remote Sensing and GIS coupled with AHP method for analyzing and identifying a dumping Site for solid waste disposal in Nagercoil Municipality in Tamil Nadu. The different physical criteria: LU/LC, geomorphology, soil texture, settlement, road, surface water bodies, lineaments, groundwater depth, NDVI and slope are considered and are examined in relation to land fill site selection. Each criterion was identified and weighted by AHP score and mapped using GIS technique and suitable map is prepared by overlay analysis. The result indicates that a barren land of 57.8891 sq. km which is also proximity to Nagercoil city is the best site for disposal of solid waste.

The changes invoked in the Southern Ocean physics are dynamically linked to Southern Hemisphere westerlies, ocean currents, and Antarctic sea ice distribution. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the response of the Southern Ocean dynamics to the Antarctic sea ice distribution on a basin scale. This modeling study employs a fully coupled Earth system model to investigate the effect of Antarctic Sea ice distribution on the Southern Ocean Overturning circulation during the past twenty thousand years before the present. The simulation shows that the Southern Ocean surface buoyancy flux influences the Southern Ocean overturning circulation. The results indicate that the formation and melting of Antarctic sea ice feedback affect the coverage of surface buoyancy flux over the Southern Ocean. The simulated sea ice boundary (ocean surface area covered with more than a 5% sea ice fraction) almost demarcates the boundary between the upper and lower meridional overturning cells in the Southern Ocean. The Antarctic quasi-permanent sea ice boundary (ocean surface area covered with more than eighty percent sea ice fraction) overlaps with the transition of surface buoyancy flux from positive (surface buoyancy gain) to negative (surface buoyancy loss). Moreover, similar to the Antarctic sea ice coverage, the negative surface buoyancy flux zone has displaced polewards for the past twenty thousand years except for about 14.1 thousand years. Our study highlights that the melting and formation of Antarctic sea ice modulates the Southern Ocean surface buoyancy flux, which affects the Southern Ocean Overturning circulation.

Typhoon hazard assessment is the basis of loss estimation and disaster prevention and mitigation. This study investigates the use of grid fixed-point method to assess typhoon hazards. We conduct experiments on the southeast coast of China based on site data. In this paper, we first divided this study area into 0.25°×0.25° grids by using the grid fixed-point method, and perform wind field simulation using each grid center point as the study point based on typhoon tracks data of the 1960-2019 years. Next, we perform 50 and 100-year wind speed estimation of the return period by constructing the 60-year wind speed extreme value sequence of the grid center point and using the extreme value distribution function. At last, we implemented the discussion regarding spatial distribution characteristics of typhoon disasters. Our results show that the wind speed changes greatly and shows a certain gradient change in the near coastal areas. Moreover, we can see that wind speeds began to weaken rapidly near inland, reaching a plateau in inland. Furthermore, island has a higher wind speed compared with other areas. We can conclude that the proposed methods have a high potential for assessing typhoon hazards from site data.