Without proper data and standard methods, assessing and determining groundwater resources in mountains and flat dry plains is difficult for a region. In this case, a GIS-based groundwater resource assessment is deemed a viable option. The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), a Multiple-criterial decision-making analytical methodology, is used to designate groundwater potential zones in the Balkh province of northern Afghanistan. Several influential factors were provided for this purpose, including lithology, distance from the river, slope, drainage density, land-use/land-cover (LU/LC), lineament density, and rainfall. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the United States Geological Survey (USGS), and the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Data were used to create these theme layers (TRMM). The data was processed and plotted in a GIS environment. The groundwater potential zone map's final output was grouped into four groundwater potential zones based on seven thematic layers (lithology, slope, drainage density, lineament density, LU/LC, distance from the river, and rainfall). They are very low (10.87%), low (35.13%), moderate (30.76%), and high (23.24 %).

water level data was used to validate the results. The overall accuracy (71%) indicates a moderate to a good connection between the result outcomes and the water level data from the well. The findings provide further information. Local authorities may use the GWPZs map to establish sustainable water resource management.

The potentiality for the aquifers' storability in Alice, comprising of rocks of the Beaufort Group, Karoo Supergroup, was examined using a combined method. This investigation is based on SEM+EDX analysis, petrographic study, and porosity and density determination. The SEM+EDX and petrographic studies showed that the rocks are fractured, porous, and contain minerals like quartz, feldspar, lithics, mica, kaolinite, calcite, and illite. The primary diagenetic processes that affect the groundwater storage of the rocks are cementation by authigenic minerals, minerals replacement, dissolution of minerals, and recrystallization. The existence of fractured and dissolution pores improves the groundwater storage capacity. Ten rock samples were selected for density and porosity measurements. The porosity result shows that mudstone has the highest porosity value of 2.56 %, while sandstone has the lowest porosity of 0.85 %. This is due to numerous pore spaces within the mudstone than the sandstone. The density of the mudstone ranges from 2.5763 – 2.6978 g/cm³, while the density of the sandstone ranges from 2.5908 – 2.6820 g/cm³. The secondary porosity is the main porosity for the reservoir rocks. The pores and fractures observed in the rocks act as channels for groundwater, which influence the aquifers' storability in the study area. The techniques used in this research efficiently understand the factors that control the aquifers' storability to assist with groundwater exploration.

Vermeij introduced the phrase “Mesozoic marine revolution” to refer primarily to the Cretaceous origin of durophagous predators, such as teleost fishes and decapod crustaceans, and the co-evolutionary response by their prey (primarily gastropods) by increasing shell sturdiness. He also drew attention to a perceived simultaneous increase in benthic grazing and a tendency toward infaunalization. Subsequent work has pushed these changes back to the Triassic, so that the “Mesozoic marine revolution” is now perceived to have taken place during nearly the entire Mesozoic. Furthermore, durophagous predators had already evolved during the Paleozoic, in the Middle Devonian, and their prey items also responded coevolutionarily to increase shell sturdiness. We question identifying a single “revolution” or event in the coevolution of durophagous predators and their prey. Note that the use of “revolution” for an event that takes many tens of millions of years is simply semantically improper. Such use of the words revolution and event are intended to draw attention to and to hyperbolize significant evolutionary changes. However, if a perceived evolutionary change is a series of events, many not related, over many tens or hundreds of millions of years, then the label “revolution” masks important evolutionary history. Durophagous predators and their prey began to coevolve in the Devonian, and that coevolution continued into the Cenozoic and encompasses many distinct and convergent evolutionary events. Identifying a single “revolution” thus confounds understanding of the multiple events and evolutionary convergences that actually took place. The term and concept “Mesozoic marine revolution” should be abandoned.

In July 2017, an unusual train of rainfalls triggered an unprecedented set of hydro-meteorological hazards, which brought a compendium of landslides, debris-flows and floods, eventually reaching the city in the lower part of the forested catchments of the North Kyushu area. Surprisingly, spatially and temporally averaged rainfalls were not out of the ordinary, but the concentration over a short period of time along rainfall corridors triggered more than a thousand landslides. If lower amplitude events have usually driven the regional and local authorities to build protection systems in the catchment, the amplitude of the 2017 disaster has called for a full remodelling of it, interrupting waterways, reshaping slope shapes and structures, etc. In the light of the shear-scale of the means deployed by the central government for this reconstruction, it seems that the 2017 event has triggered a full “re-construction” (if not rethinking) of the area, which is set to deeply modify the functioning of the catchment’s hydrosystem. Thus, the aim of this contribution is to explain how the 2017 disaster forced to rethink the Akatani catchment’s organization.

The present research relies on (a) field surveys in 2019 and in 2022, in combination with (b) interviews with local, regional and national officials, and (c) Geographical Information System analysis based on historical aerial-photograph interpretation and geospatial data.

For the river floor and floodplain, the results of this research have shown that the planform geometry of the channel has been fully redesigned and straightened, while at the same time the size of the channels has been increased to accommodate and match the amplitude of the 2017 event. On the slopes, sediment control structures, such as slit-dams and check-dams are now restructuring the slopes, breaking the slope angles in sub-catchments such as in the Otoishi River. Furthermore, the space in between the sediment control structures has also been controlled by concrete coffin streams. Finally, these structures are complemented with geotechnical work on the slopes surrounding the dams. The Akatani River case illustrates the full range of structural measures developed by the Japanese engineering, exemplifying the vision of River System SABO.

The city of Mohammedia is one of the cities threatened by the risks of disasters, both natural and technological, in Morocco. This is in view of the conditions it has in place to ensure that these risks occur, For this reason, this article shows the perception of these risk by the city population, how aware they are of them, and how willing they are to face them. That's why this article is special because it's the first in the region to address this topic.

To accomplish this, research was conducted with the population by filling out the form containing a set of questions related to the relationship of the population's perception of risks and measuring their knowledge of this. Because people's perception of the risks surrounding it helps a lot in the process of responding and mitigating damage in case of risk, and in general the results of this study came that there is a lack of great interest among the population in the subject of disaster risk in their city.

This study is important due to the subject studied, although it does not address several levels such as gender, social, economic and educational level. However, through the results, several indicators have emerged showing the extent to which the city population understands the risks of disasters facing them. One of the findings is that a very high percentage of more than 90 % are not aware of the city's disaster risk management plan. And that 67 % of the group surveyed are not satisfied or unsure and worried about how the authorities will behave in situations of risk.

Therefore, in order to value these results, we recommend paying attention to the knowledge and awareness aspect for a population regarding knowledge first of all of the risks, and then secondly of working to teach appropriate actions in case of risk. This does not come in a short period of time, but it is a strategic plan that intersects with all levels, whether in the educational, health, security and infrastructure sectors within the city of Mohammedia. Therefore, the responsible authorities must take into account a set of observations, especially the negative, which showed the great work expected to improve and raise the culture of risks among the population, especially in some axes such as knowledge, behavior, methods of communication and exchange of information in situations of risk.