The batik and tofu industry is growing rapidly in Indonesia. However, the problem of effluents generated in the process of making batik and tofu has not been carried out maximumly. Batik dye effluents such as Indigeosol Blue and tofu effluents contain high BOD, COD, and TSS and can pollute the environment if not handled properly. Aspergillus sp. is a microscopic fungus that is able to properly degrade batik dye effluents. The innovation of making liquid organic fertilizer from degraded batik dye and tofu effluents can be a sustainable solution in overcoming environmental problems and advancing the agricultural sector, especially in the aspect of organic fertilizer for agricultural crop productivity. Micro and macro elements in tofu waste and degraded batik dye effluents have the potential to support organic fertilizer elements. The method of making liquid organic fertilizer from the degraded batik dye and tofu effluents starts from the stage of rejuvenation and proliferation of Aspergillus sp. fungi, degradation process of batik dye waste, fertilizer content analysis test, and fertilizer test on mung bean plants by hydroponic systems. The results showed that the addition of liquid organic fertilizer from degraded batik dye and tofu effluents on mung bean plants affected the best growth response (e.g. plant weight, number of leaves and plant height) than given water, batik dye effluents, and tofu effluents.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the antifungal activity of essential oils derived from the Zingiberaceae family, such as Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Alpinia officinarum Hance, and Curcuma longa Linn., against Phytophthora parasitica Dastur, (the pathogen that causes root and stem rot diseases). In vitro antifungal activity was measured using poisoned food technologies at a final concentration of 1,000 mg/L in a completely randomized design with triplications. The essential oil of A. officinarum demonstrated the highest antifungal activity against P. parasitica, according to findings (P<0.05). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was also used to analyze the oil. Twenty constituents representing 99.1% of the total content were identified. Eucalyptol was the most abundant component in A. officinarum rhizome oil (52%). The oil's half-inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 432.89 mg/L had higher antifungal activity than eucalyptol (> 1,000 mg/L). The results suggested that A. officinarum oil should be expanded further for a new generation of fungicides as an environmentally acceptable agent and to reduce the use of chemicals in crop protection.

Intensive chemical pesticide usage in crop protection for pest control causes major pollution of the environment. Replacing chemical pesticides with biopesticide is an essential agro-ecological principle that should be considered in agro-ecosystems. In this study, a novel biopesticide formulation based on plant extract was prepared, and then aphid’s mortality in cucumber greenhouses was evaluated in comparison to common chemical insecticide. Our eco-friendly insecticide consists of methanolic extract of Rosmarinus officinalis (4.38 gr in 1 lit water) and succinic acid (0.5 gr in 1 lit water) in combination with Triton^® X-100 (10 ml in 1 lit water), canola seeds oil (10 ml in 1 lit water), and potassium nitrate (5 gr in 1 lit water). Also, the common insecticide against Aphis gossypii in cucumber greenhouses is dichlorvos (Dichlorvos^® 48% EC) which was applied at the recommended dose (0.6 gr a.i./lit). 24 h after sprayings, survived aphids on each treatment were recorded, and mortality percentages were calculated. Results showed that in biopesticide treatment, mortality (65.6 ± 2.8 %) have no significant difference compared to dichlorvos (71.1 ± 2.9 %) (P = 0.0629). Finally, plant performance including numbers of leaves (P = 0.0951), flowers (P = 0.0842), fruits (P = 0.0730), and branches (P = 0.0698) were not influenced by the biopesticide application. Our results propose that the mentioned biopesticide can be used in cucumber greenhouses for aphids control with no adverse effect on plant growth and development, leading to zero-pollution tactics in crop protection which are necessary for sustainable agriculture.

Since the global approach to the production of medicinal plants is effective in improving the quantity and quality of the material, it seems that the nutrition of these plants through the application of biological fertilizers in different environmental conditions is most in line with the production goals of medicinal plants. Therefore, in order to investigate the effect of bio and non-bio fertilizers on biochemical and morphological characteristics of Peppermint (Mentha piperita) under different irrigation intervals, an experiment in the form of a split-plot in a randomized complete design with 4 replications in the research farm of Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center, Yazd, Iran was conducted in 2020. Experimental factors include three irrigation intervals: Control (every 7 days), every 12 days, every 17 days, and different levels of fertilizer including Control (without fertilizer application), mycorrhizal (Glomus), Azperium brasilense, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and chemical fertilizer (NPK). The results showed that with increasing irrigation intervals, height decreased by 33%. Comparison of the mean of interaction effects of the treatments showed that the biological yield decreased by 81% compared to the control treatment. Also, the highest rate of biological yield was observed in the the7-day irrigation interval and mycorrhiza fertilizer. Comparison of the mean of the data showed that with increasing the irrigation interval, the percentage of essential oil increased. Also, the use of mycorrhiza had the highest percentage of essential oil (2.54%). Therefore, the use of bio-fertilizers, especially mycorrhiza which can greatly reduce the adverse effects of peppermint in dehydration stress conditions is recommended.

Agriculture technology has been used to increase farms productivity allowing the management of spatial and temporal variability of soil factors, crops, and animals. Due to the advances in technologies such as the Internet of Things - where the devices monitor, analyze, and make decisions – the farms are connected forming the concept of smart agriculture. Thus, it is possible to increase efficiency, quality, speed and at the same time reduce cost, and wastes. In this study, we do a literature review of smart farm concept application to identify the state of the art of use technologies in agriculture. Data collected from Scopus is analyzed using VOSviwer software. The software is a tool for building and visualizing bibliometric networks allowing the construction of networks based on citation relationships, bibliographic coupling, or occurrence of important terms. The results of the article present an overview of smart farming development and propose areas of improvement.

Pesticides protect crops from pest infestations and yield reduction. Although, pesticides pose potential risks to food safety, the environment, and all living things since they can emigrate from treated fields to air, other land, and water bodies.

On 12 May 2021, the European Commission adopted the EU Action Plan: "Towards a Zero Pollution for Air, Water and Soil" a key deliverable of the European Green Deal, targeting to minimize the use and risk of chemical pesticides by 50% by 2030.

Under this frame, the presented study proposed the use of alkaloid compounds (tomatidine and tomatine) derived from tomato cultivation waste (leaves, stems etc) as natural pesticides. The alkaloids in Solanaceae family plants protect the plant from insect attack and offer fungal and nematode resistance.

In this study, the tomato waste derived alkaloids were encapsulated in LDPE films through extrusion process, in order to develop polymeric films with pesticide action as covers of stone wool grow blocks used in hydroponic tomato cultivation.

The innovative films were used in hydroponic cultivation of Brioso tomatoes. Reduced attraction of mealybugs and the presence of its larvae in the leaves in relation to the control culture as well as improved productivity were observed. Specifically, the tested plants were more productive than those of the control but also the total marketable production of the tested plants was higher than those of the control.

This study served as a model for the practical application of the circular economy and zero pollution crop protection.

In this work, a methodology was developed with the objective of evaluating the variation of the discharge coefficients provided by commercial houses, with their coefficients obtained experimentally in a demonstration plot. The plot consisted of the power supply unit, the filter, the adduction line, the distribution lines, the selected emitters, analog volume meters and digital sensors to obtain pressure and flow. The plot had two sectors, the first low-pressure sector that operated under gravity and the second, high-pressure, fed by a pump. Nine types of emitters (drippers, micro-sprinklers, sprinklers) were used, including some self-compensating. Using an electronic data acquisition system, pressure and flow are obtained to generate characteristic curves. With the characteristic curves it is possible to determine the discharge equations of the emitters selected for the study. Subsequently, the modeling of the network is carried out using the coefficient and the discharge exponent obtained from each emitter. The results allow to know which of the experienced issuers comply with the technical specifications of the suppliers in the locality.

The objective of this paper is to the potential application of weighted index overlay analysis for assessing land suitability evaluation for surface irrigation at Bedessa watershed, Ethiopia using geographic information system (GIS) and AHP technique. To identify potential irrigable land, irrigation suitability five factors such as soil, slope, land use / land cover, river proximity and road proximity were taken into account. development. By weighing values of these constraint irrigation factor data sets by using AHP tool in Arc GIS, resulted from these analysis irrigation suitability maps was developed and potential irrigation land for irrigation was as 1.81%, 5.64% 86.83%, and 5.72% for S1, S2, S3, and N respectively. Based on the data from meteorological station, the irrigation water requirement was calculated using FAO-Penman-Monteith methods. By using Crop Wat version 8.0 model, the irrigation requirement of the selected crops was calculated and the result implies that irrigation water requirement was higher at driest months of the year. In conclusion Potential irrigable land was drawn by comparing the gross irrigation demand of identified irrigable land with respect to available monthly river flow. As a result, the map generated using this platform could be used as a preliminary reference in selecting suitable sites for irrigation in the area.

The present study aimed, for the first time, the production and application of NaCl plant extracts of Acacia dealbata Link. (pollen), Chelidonium majus L. (seed), Daucus carota L. (seed), Tanacetum vulgare L. (seed) and Vitis vinifera L. (rachis) in a coagulation-flocculation-decantation process (CFD process) for the optimization of microfiltration process (MF process) for the treatment of winery wastewater (WW). To evaluate the efficiency of the NaCl-plant extracts, aluminium sulfate (10%) was applied as comparison. The CFD process was optimized, by varying the WW pH, coagulant dosage, agitation, type and dosage of flocculants, before microfiltration process. The plants composition was investigated by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Gas Chromatography with Flame Ionization Detection (GC-FID) and high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection (HPLC-DAD). FTIR analysis showed the presence of alcohols, phenols, carbohydrates and fatty acids. GC-FID showed differences in fatty acid composition and the HPLC analysis showed differences in the phenolic composition of the plants. Under the best operational conditions: [TOC]₀ = 400 mg C/L, turbidity = 296 NTU, TSS = 750 mg/L, pH = 3.0, [Coagulant] = 0.5 g/L, fast mix (rpm/min) = 150/2, slow mix (rpm/min) = 50/30, [Bentonite] = 5 mg/L, sedimentation time 12 h, pump flow rate of 1.9 m³/h, glass microfiber filters, with micrometric retention of 1.2 µm, the application of Chelidonium majus L. (seeds) achieved 29.7, 99.7 and 95.3% total organic carbon, turbidity and total suspended solids removal, respectively, with 108 mg of filter consumption. In conclusion NaCl-plant extracts are a promising technology for WW treatment.

Plants are exposed in the environment to many unfavorable factors limiting their growth and yield. One of them is salt stress. Salinity degrades the environment, reducing the productive capacity of affected land. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of silicon foliar fertilization on photosynthetic efficiency and the activity of oat plants (Avena sativa L.) under salt stress. Plants grown in a pot experiment were subjected to soil treatment with sodium chloride (NaCl) at a concentration of 200 mM. Silicon was applied as a foliar fertilizer containing 200 g∙L^-1 SiO₂ in three concentrations (0.05%, 0.1%, 0,2%). Silicon was applied twice. Physiological measurements were carried out on the second and seventh day after each application. At the final stage of the experiment, a visual assessment of the plants' condition was carried out and the amount of fresh mass (FM) of the above-ground part was determined. High salt concentrations in the soil negatively affected the growth and development of plants compared with control plants. Si addition markedly changed the relative chlorophyll content in leaves (CCl) and selected chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (F_v/F_m, F_v/F₀, RC/ABS and PI) and gas exchange parameters (P_N, E, g_s, and C_i). Furthermore, fresh weight of plants increased with silicon treatments. The use of silicon fertilizer at a concentration of 0.1 and 0.2% had a positive effect on plants for longer than the concentration of 0.05%. Results indicated that the exogenous application of silicon improved tolerance of oat to salinity.