The increasing adoption of algorithmic and data-driven technologies by law enforcement agencies is reshaping the contours of justice and accountability in India. This paper investigates the intersection of artificial intelligence, predictive policing, and constitutional morality, focusing on how automation in surveillance and crime prevention interacts with fundamental rights under the Indian Constitution. Drawing from landmark judgments such as K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India (2017) 10 SCC 1 and People’s Union for Civil Liberties v. Union of India (1997) 1 SCC 301, this study critically examines privacy, proportionality, and due process as evolving principles of digital-age jurisprudence. Through doctrinal and comparative analysis, it evaluates the risks of bias, opacity, and overreach in predictive policing systems, particularly in contexts involving marginalized and minority populations. This paper situates India’s experience within global debates on AI governance, digital constitutionalism, and human rights, highlighting the challenges of embedding ethics and transparency within technologically mediated state functions. It concludes by proposing a policy framework rooted in constitutional accountability, algorithmic explainability, and human oversight, ensuring that the modernization of law enforcement does not erode the democratic promise of justice. This work underscores that true technological progress in policing must remain subordinate to constitutional ideals of liberty, equality, and dignity. It further calls for capacity-building and judicial training to ensure that the legal system evolves in tandem with emerging technologies and ethical standards.

Introduction:
Criminal profiling has long been a cornerstone of investigative psychology, yet its effectiveness is often debated, particularly in contexts with limited public awareness. Understanding how communities perceive profiling can illuminate gaps between law enforcement practices and societal expectations. This study explores urban Indian college students’ understanding and perception of criminal profiling, aiming to identify knowledge levels, perceived effectiveness, and potential societal biases.

Methods:
A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 120 college students aged 18–24 in Coimbatore, India. A structured questionnaire assessed participants’ knowledge of criminal profiling, trust in its application by law enforcement, perceived fairness, and ethical concerns. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and thematic coding for open-ended responses.

Results:
Findings reveal that 62% of respondents were moderately aware of criminal profiling, primarily through media exposure rather than formal education. While 74% expressed trust in police using profiling responsibly, 53% voiced concerns about ethical misuse and potential bias against marginalized groups. Notably, students with prior criminology coursework demonstrated significantly higher awareness and critical understanding compared to others. Qualitative insights indicated a desire for greater transparency and public education on profiling methods.

Conclusion:
This study highlights a critical gap between public understanding and law enforcement practices in criminal profiling. Enhancing awareness through educational initiatives could improve societal trust and the perceived legitimacy of profiling in criminal investigations. The findings underscore the importance of integrating psychological insights with policing strategies to foster community-informed, ethical investigative practices.

The period 2020-2025 was associated with a fundamental political and social change in Afghanistan that had a profoundly disruptive impact on access to basic social services, specifically education and healthcare. It is in this delicate situation that the International Non-Governmental Organizations (INGOs) were instrumental in ensuring and growing service delivery. This paper is based on a humanitarian governance and development-in-fragile-states approach that examines the extent, efficiency, and operational issues of INGO interventions in the education and health sectors in Afghanistan.

The study embraces a mixed study design. Program reports, enrollment statistics for education, and health service indicators were used to gather quantitative data on changes in access and service coverage. Semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions with INGO staff, local authorities, and community benefactors were used to collect qualitative data, employing purposive sampling to include diverse perspectives. A total of interviews and focus groups (number) were carried out. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive and comparative statistics, and qualitative data were coded and analyzed using thematic analysis with the assistance of qualitative data analysis software (e.g., NVivo/Atlas.ti).

The results suggest that INGO interventions improved access to schools, especially for girls, and to primary healthcare services across various areas. Nevertheless, these programs were limited in their effectiveness and sustainability due to political unpredictability, insecurity, resource shortages, and socio-cultural challenges.

The findings emphasize that the use of context-sensitive programming and increased cooperation between INGOs, local governance structures, and communities are needed to improve the achievements of long-term development.

This paper offers policy-relevant implications for donors, practitioners, and scholars interested in enhancing education and health interventions.

Introduction
Short-form video has rapidly become a dominant format for communicating science on social media platforms. Platforms such as TikTok, Instagram Reels, and YouTube Shorts enable the dissemination of scientific information through concise, visually dynamic content designed for mobile and algorithm-driven environments. While this format is increasingly adopted by researchers, institutions, and science communicators, the mechanisms influencing how audiences engage with short science videos remain insufficiently understood. Examining these factors is crucial for understanding how digital platforms shape contemporary science communication practices.

Methods
This study presents a systematic literature review examining the factors influencing the consumption of short-form science videos on social media platforms. The review followed PRISMA guidelines and analysed peer-reviewed studies published between 2019 and 2024. Searches were conducted across multidisciplinary databases, including ACM Digital Library, IEEE Xplore, Elsevier, Springer, and Google Scholar. After applying inclusion criteria and quality assessment using an adapted Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT), 29 high-quality studies were included in the final synthesis.

Results
The analysis reveals that audience engagement with short science videos is shaped by several interconnected factors. Platform algorithms play a central role in determining visibility, prioritising videos that generate high interaction metrics such as likes, comments, and shares. Narrative and visual strategies—including storytelling, humour, and visually appealing animations—significantly enhance viewer retention and engagement. Emotional resonance and accessible language also contribute to higher interaction, particularly among younger audiences. At the same time, the literature highlights challenges such as the risk of misinformation, the oversimplification of scientific concepts, and accessibility barriers.

Conclusions
Short science videos are now a prominent format for communicating science on social media platforms. Their effectiveness reflects interactions among platform algorithms, narrative strategies, and audience engagement. Overall, digital platforms mediate how science circulates and is understood publicly, underscoring the interdependence of society and technology in contemporary science communication.

Over the past two decades, agricultural research has undergone a significant transformation, increasingly integrating sustainability, climate resilience, and technological innovation to address the complex challenges of global food production and rural livelihoods. This study mapped global agricultural research trends and examined their implications for farmer productivity and sustainable livelihoods. Using 128 filtered documents from Scopus (exported February 25, 2026), VOSviewer was applied to analyze co-authorship networks, keyword co-occurrence networks, and overlay. Findings indicated that global research had evolved from early studies emphasizing environmental sustainability, carbon management, land use, and climate resilience, toward more recent work focused on digital and smart agriculture technologies, including big data, internet of things (IoT), unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), intelligent robotics, and agriculture 5.0. This evolution reflected the emergence of integrated thematic pillars encompassing sustainability, environmental management, technological innovation for smallholders, and crop production systems. The study also highlighted that strong interdisciplinary and cross-regional collaborations were instrumental in knowledge integration and the development of context-responsive strategies. The results demonstrated that contemporary agricultural research is increasingly combining productivity enhancement with ecological stewardship, providing evidence-based insights to support resilient farming practices, technological adoption, and sustainable livelihoods globally. The study provides strategic insights for guiding future research directions, strengthening innovation ecosystems, informing evidence-based policymaking, and fostering inclusive agricultural transformation across diverse socio-economic and geographic contexts.

Introduction:
In transitional societies, formal judicial systems often struggle to address crimes with gendered dimensions, particularly in contexts of institutional fragility and social bias. Women and marginalized groups frequently face barriers to justice, reflecting broader social inequalities. This study explores how gender dynamics shape judicial responses and influence access to justice in transitional legal environments.

Methods:
A qualitative legal analysis was conducted, combining case studies of gender-related crimes, comparative review of transitional judicial systems, and document analysis of policies, court rulings, and civil society initiatives. A normative approach was employed to assess how informal community mechanisms complement formal legal processes, and how social norms and systemic biases influence legal outcomes.

Results:
Findings reveal persistent gaps in formal judicial responses, including underreporting of sexual and domestic offenses, procedural delays, and inconsistent application of protective measures. Community-based interventions, restorative justice programs, and gender-sensitive advocacy demonstrate measurable improvements in access, victim protection, and societal recognition of human rights. These mechanisms serve as effective complements to formal law, bridging legal and social gaps in transitional contexts.

Conclusions:
Achieving equitable justice requires integrating formal judicial procedures with community-driven initiatives, emphasizing gender sensitivity and social equity. Recognizing and institutionalizing these complementary mechanisms can enhance rule of law, strengthen transitional justice frameworks, and ensure protection for vulnerable populations. Transitional societies benefit from a pluralistic legal ecosystem where law, society, and gender dynamics interact to produce more inclusive and effective justice outcomes.

Illicit cigarette smuggling remains a persistent challenge for crime control and justice systems due to its economic profitability, organised networks, and evolving operational methods. In Malaysia, the smuggling of untaxed cigarettes contributes to substantial revenue losses while also raising concerns about organised crime, regulatory enforcement, and public health. Responding to ongoing debates within criminology about “what works” in crime prevention and policing, this study examines how illicit cigarette smuggling operates at the local level and how enforcement actors perceive the effectiveness and limitations of current responses. This research adopts a qualitative case-study approach, focusing on Kuala Selangor, a coastal district identified as vulnerable to contraband activities. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with ten informants, including enforcement officers and community members with knowledge of local smuggling activities. The data were analysed using thematic analysis to explore drivers of smuggling, the role of digital technologies in facilitating illicit trade, and challenges faced by policing and enforcement agencies. Findings suggest that illicit cigarette smuggling is sustained by economic incentives, strong consumer demand for low-cost tobacco products, and logistical opportunities in semi-rural coastal areas. Participants also highlighted the increasing use of digital communication platforms to coordinate distribution and sales. Enforcement challenges reported include limited manpower, technological constraints, and inter-agency coordination issues. These findings provide qualitative insights into the dynamics of illicit trade and highlight considerations for improving policing and crime-prevention strategies in digitally mediated contraband markets.

The growing interest in artificial intelligence (AI) in policing is reshaping discussions on crime prevention and public safety, particularly in emerging digital governance contexts such as Nigeria. While AI-driven tools such as predictive analytics and facial recognition are often promoted as solutions for improving efficiency in law enforcement, their potential social implications for public trust and community relations remain underexplored.

This study adopts a qualitative approach, drawing on policy documents, media reports, and secondary literature on digital surveillance and policing practices in Nigeria. Through document analysis, the paper examines how the introduction and prospective use of AI-enabled policing tools may influence public perceptions of safety, surveillance, and institutional trust.

Findings suggest that in contexts where governance frameworks are weak or insufficiently transparent, the adoption of AI in policing is likely to heighten perceptions of surveillance and social control, particularly among already vulnerable populations. This may reduce public trust and weaken community cooperation with law enforcement institutions. However, the analysis also indicates that where policies emphasize transparency, accountability, and community engagement, the risks associated with AI-driven policing can be mitigated, thereby improving public confidence.

The paper argues that the effectiveness of AI in policing within Nigeria will depend less on technological capability and more on the strength of institutional safeguards and participatory governance structures. It highlights the need for inclusive policy frameworks that integrate public input into the design and oversight of such technologies.

By situating AI policing within broader debates on governance, trust, and digital justice, this study challenges the assumption that technological innovation inherently enhances security. It concludes that sustainable public safety in Nigeria will depend on balancing innovation with legitimacy, accountability, and respect for civil liberties.

Social Media Challenges (SMCs) have become a prominent and widely recognized phenomenon within contemporary digital culture, particularly on platforms such as TikTok, Instagram, and YouTube. While a substantial body of empirical research has examined their content, diffusion, and social effects, the conceptual foundations of these challenges remain comparatively underdeveloped. This study addresses this gap by offering a conceptual analysis of Social Media Challenges as an intersection between Internet memes and traditional challenges, clarifying how this intersection gives rise to a distinct participatory digital phenomenon.

The study adopts a conceptual–theoretical approach based on an etymological and historical review of the concepts of challenge and meme. Drawing on linguistic sources, historical texts, and scholarship on digital culture, it traces key shifts in the meanings of both concepts and examines how these trajectories converge within contemporary social media environments. The analysis also synthesizes existing definitions of Social Media Challenges to formulate an integrated conceptual framework grounded in their historical and cultural development.

The analysis demonstrates that Social Media Challenges emerge where the structured, goal-oriented, and performative logic of traditional challenges intersects with the replicability, adaptability, and circulation dynamics characteristic of meme culture. A defining feature of SMCs is the presence of an explicit or implicit invitation to participate, encouraging individuals or groups to perform a specific task, document their engagement, and circulate it through social media platforms. This participatory structure supports replication and variation while enabling large-scale visibility and diffusion. At the same time, the study shows that not all challenges function as memes and not all memes operate as challenges, underscoring intersection as the key conceptual location of Social Media Challenges.

By positioning Social Media Challenges at this intersection, the study clarifies what distinguishes them from adjacent phenomena and provides a coherent conceptual framework for understanding participatory practices shaped by social-media technologies.

Fear of crime is often treated as an emotional reaction to perceived danger. However, in many urban contexts, fear functions as something deeper, an invisible social structure that shapes everyday behaviour and reinforces existing power relations. This study explores how fear of crime operates as a socio-psychological mechanism that reproduces patriarchal expectations within the urban environment of Colombo, Sri Lanka. Drawing on qualitative research conducted with urban residents, the study examines how gender norms, cultural narratives, and spatial dynamics shape experiences of fear in the city. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with 56 participants across diverse neighbourhoods in Colombo and analyzed using qualitative and discourse-oriented analytical approaches to capture both lived experiences and the language through which fear is expressed and normalized. The findings reveal that fear does not merely restrict mobility but also structures social relationships. Women often internalize fear through cultural expectations of vulnerability, while men are positioned as protectors within familial and social settings. This dynamic creates a dependency on male protection that unintentionally reinforces patriarchal authority. The research conceptualizes this process as a cyclical relationship in which patriarchal social structures amplify fear, fear encourages reliance on male protection, and this reliance ultimately reproduces patriarchal systems. By framing fear of crime as a socially embedded mechanism rather than an individual emotion, the study highlights how urban insecurity can sustain broader systems of gender inequality. The findings contribute to criminological and gender studies by offering a Global South perspective on the structural role of fear and by proposing a conceptual model explaining the cycle between fear, protection, and patriarchy in urban life.