Introduction:
Criminal profiling has long been a cornerstone of investigative psychology, yet its effectiveness is often debated, particularly in contexts with limited public awareness. Understanding how communities perceive profiling can illuminate gaps between law enforcement practices and societal expectations. This study explores urban Indian college students’ understanding and perception of criminal profiling, aiming to identify knowledge levels, perceived effectiveness, and potential societal biases.

Methods:
A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 120 college students aged 18–24 in Coimbatore, India. A structured questionnaire assessed participants’ knowledge of criminal profiling, trust in its application by law enforcement, perceived fairness, and ethical concerns. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and thematic coding for open-ended responses.

Results:
Findings reveal that 62% of respondents were moderately aware of criminal profiling, primarily through media exposure rather than formal education. While 74% expressed trust in police using profiling responsibly, 53% voiced concerns about ethical misuse and potential bias against marginalized groups. Notably, students with prior criminology coursework demonstrated significantly higher awareness and critical understanding compared to others. Qualitative insights indicated a desire for greater transparency and public education on profiling methods.

Conclusion:
This study highlights a critical gap between public understanding and law enforcement practices in criminal profiling. Enhancing awareness through educational initiatives could improve societal trust and the perceived legitimacy of profiling in criminal investigations. The findings underscore the importance of integrating psychological insights with policing strategies to foster community-informed, ethical investigative practices.

The period 2020-2025 was associated with a fundamental political and social change in Afghanistan that had a profoundly disruptive impact on access to basic social services, specifically education and healthcare. It is in this delicate situation that the International Non-Governmental Organizations (INGOs) were instrumental in ensuring and growing service delivery. This paper is based on a humanitarian governance and development-in-fragile-states approach that examines the extent, efficiency, and operational issues of INGO interventions in the education and health sectors in Afghanistan.

The study embraces a mixed study design. Program reports, enrollment statistics for education, and health service indicators were used to gather quantitative data on changes in access and service coverage. Semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions with INGO staff, local authorities, and community benefactors were used to collect qualitative data, employing purposive sampling to include diverse perspectives. A total of interviews and focus groups (number) were carried out. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive and comparative statistics, and qualitative data were coded and analyzed using thematic analysis with the assistance of qualitative data analysis software (e.g., NVivo/Atlas.ti).

The results suggest that INGO interventions improved access to schools, especially for girls, and to primary healthcare services across various areas. Nevertheless, these programs were limited in their effectiveness and sustainability due to political unpredictability, insecurity, resource shortages, and socio-cultural challenges.

The findings emphasize that the use of context-sensitive programming and increased cooperation between INGOs, local governance structures, and communities are needed to improve the achievements of long-term development.

This paper offers policy-relevant implications for donors, practitioners, and scholars interested in enhancing education and health interventions.

Introduction
Short-form video has rapidly become a dominant format for communicating science on social media platforms. Platforms such as TikTok, Instagram Reels, and YouTube Shorts enable the dissemination of scientific information through concise, visually dynamic content designed for mobile and algorithm-driven environments. While this format is increasingly adopted by researchers, institutions, and science communicators, the mechanisms influencing how audiences engage with short science videos remain insufficiently understood. Examining these factors is crucial for understanding how digital platforms shape contemporary science communication practices.

Methods
This study presents a systematic literature review examining the factors influencing the consumption of short-form science videos on social media platforms. The review followed PRISMA guidelines and analysed peer-reviewed studies published between 2019 and 2024. Searches were conducted across multidisciplinary databases, including ACM Digital Library, IEEE Xplore, Elsevier, Springer, and Google Scholar. After applying inclusion criteria and quality assessment using an adapted Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT), 29 high-quality studies were included in the final synthesis.

Results
The analysis reveals that audience engagement with short science videos is shaped by several interconnected factors. Platform algorithms play a central role in determining visibility, prioritising videos that generate high interaction metrics such as likes, comments, and shares. Narrative and visual strategies—including storytelling, humour, and visually appealing animations—significantly enhance viewer retention and engagement. Emotional resonance and accessible language also contribute to higher interaction, particularly among younger audiences. At the same time, the literature highlights challenges such as the risk of misinformation, the oversimplification of scientific concepts, and accessibility barriers.

Conclusions
Short science videos are now a prominent format for communicating science on social media platforms. Their effectiveness reflects interactions among platform algorithms, narrative strategies, and audience engagement. Overall, digital platforms mediate how science circulates and is understood publicly, underscoring the interdependence of society and technology in contemporary science communication.

Over the past two decades, agricultural research has undergone a significant transformation, increasingly integrating sustainability, climate resilience, and technological innovation to address the complex challenges of global food production and rural livelihoods. This study mapped global agricultural research trends and examined their implications for farmer productivity and sustainable livelihoods. Using 128 filtered documents from Scopus (exported February 25, 2026), VOSviewer was applied to analyze co-authorship networks, keyword co-occurrence networks, and overlay. Findings indicated that global research had evolved from early studies emphasizing environmental sustainability, carbon management, land use, and climate resilience, toward more recent work focused on digital and smart agriculture technologies, including big data, internet of things (IoT), unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), intelligent robotics, and agriculture 5.0. This evolution reflected the emergence of integrated thematic pillars encompassing sustainability, environmental management, technological innovation for smallholders, and crop production systems. The study also highlighted that strong interdisciplinary and cross-regional collaborations were instrumental in knowledge integration and the development of context-responsive strategies. The results demonstrated that contemporary agricultural research is increasingly combining productivity enhancement with ecological stewardship, providing evidence-based insights to support resilient farming practices, technological adoption, and sustainable livelihoods globally. The study provides strategic insights for guiding future research directions, strengthening innovation ecosystems, informing evidence-based policymaking, and fostering inclusive agricultural transformation across diverse socio-economic and geographic contexts.

Social Media Challenges (SMCs) have become a prominent and widely recognized phenomenon within contemporary digital culture, particularly on platforms such as TikTok, Instagram, and YouTube. While a substantial body of empirical research has examined their content, diffusion, and social effects, the conceptual foundations of these challenges remain comparatively underdeveloped. This study addresses this gap by offering a conceptual analysis of Social Media Challenges as an intersection between Internet memes and traditional challenges, clarifying how this intersection gives rise to a distinct participatory digital phenomenon.

The study adopts a conceptual–theoretical approach based on an etymological and historical review of the concepts of challenge and meme. Drawing on linguistic sources, historical texts, and scholarship on digital culture, it traces key shifts in the meanings of both concepts and examines how these trajectories converge within contemporary social media environments. The analysis also synthesizes existing definitions of Social Media Challenges to formulate an integrated conceptual framework grounded in their historical and cultural development.

The analysis demonstrates that Social Media Challenges emerge where the structured, goal-oriented, and performative logic of traditional challenges intersects with the replicability, adaptability, and circulation dynamics characteristic of meme culture. A defining feature of SMCs is the presence of an explicit or implicit invitation to participate, encouraging individuals or groups to perform a specific task, document their engagement, and circulate it through social media platforms. This participatory structure supports replication and variation while enabling large-scale visibility and diffusion. At the same time, the study shows that not all challenges function as memes and not all memes operate as challenges, underscoring intersection as the key conceptual location of Social Media Challenges.

By positioning Social Media Challenges at this intersection, the study clarifies what distinguishes them from adjacent phenomena and provides a coherent conceptual framework for understanding participatory practices shaped by social-media technologies.

Fear of crime is often treated as an emotional reaction to perceived danger. However, in many urban contexts, fear functions as something deeper, an invisible social structure that shapes everyday behaviour and reinforces existing power relations. This study explores how fear of crime operates as a socio-psychological mechanism that reproduces patriarchal expectations within the urban environment of Colombo, Sri Lanka. Drawing on qualitative research conducted with urban residents, the study examines how gender norms, cultural narratives, and spatial dynamics shape experiences of fear in the city. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with 56 participants across diverse neighbourhoods in Colombo and analyzed using qualitative and discourse-oriented analytical approaches to capture both lived experiences and the language through which fear is expressed and normalized. The findings reveal that fear does not merely restrict mobility but also structures social relationships. Women often internalize fear through cultural expectations of vulnerability, while men are positioned as protectors within familial and social settings. This dynamic creates a dependency on male protection that unintentionally reinforces patriarchal authority. The research conceptualizes this process as a cyclical relationship in which patriarchal social structures amplify fear, fear encourages reliance on male protection, and this reliance ultimately reproduces patriarchal systems. By framing fear of crime as a socially embedded mechanism rather than an individual emotion, the study highlights how urban insecurity can sustain broader systems of gender inequality. The findings contribute to criminological and gender studies by offering a Global South perspective on the structural role of fear and by proposing a conceptual model explaining the cycle between fear, protection, and patriarchy in urban life.

As online learning is developing with the arrival of the big data era, this has reformed the educational field from face-to-face classrooms to online learning and has resulted in the emergence of learning analytics. In this regard, a massive volume of data generated by students when they interact with online learning (e.g., number of logins, views, posts, etc.) becomes more available, and this data can be tracked and used to understand the learning behaviour of students. In other words, students’ online learning behaviours via log files in Learning Management Systems can be analysed to gain insight into what has been done by students in online learning through learning analytics. However, to date, there have only been a few studies investigating learning behaviour data of students with different learning styles through learning analytics in an e-learning environment. Due to the limited research, this study aims to fill in this gap by exploring the online learning behaviours of students based on learning styles in e-learning embedded with learning analytics intervention and the relationship between the number of log-ins, viewing activities, interactions in the discussion forum, and students’ academic performance. A quantitative research design was employed using different instruments such as students’ server log files and academic performance tests. The findings showed that students with different learning styles behaved differently in an e-learning environment. In addition, this study also discovered that there was a weak, negative correlation between the number of views and academic performance, which was statistically significant. The findings of this study can be a good reference for instructors who can use this information for the redesign of courses in e-learning.

Providing the HPV vaccine at no cost in Bangladesh portrays a significant innovation in public health. Although the HPV vaccine has been implemented for adolescent girls in most schools from rural to urban regions, subsequent uptake among adolescents has shown an observable decline. This study addresses a significant gap by examining how adolescent women’s knowledge and social beliefs shape their engagement with the HPV vaccine. Based on the Diffusion of Innovation Theory, the research critically analyzes perceptions of vaccines and behavioral orientations shaped by socio-cultural beliefs. A phenomenological qualitative design was employed, using purposive sampling to recruit 20 participants. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and thematically analyzed to identify recurring patterns related to social beliefs about this vaccine. Diffusion of innovation theory suggests that the effective implementation of an innovation within a society depends on its five core dimensions – relative advantage, compatibility, complexity, trialability, and observability. The findings of this research reveal that the HPV vaccination program remains limited in aligning with these dimensions. Findings reveal that a lack of knowledge, incompatibility, limited awareness, and culturally insensitive communication play a critical role in shaping misconceptions about vaccine implementation in healthcare, as well as undermining trust and sustained participation. The perception of HPV vaccination as an unnecessary, sensitive intervention shaped by socio-cultural beliefs undermines motivation to engage in vaccination uptake.

Abstract

In 2024, Azerbaijan became the first country in the world to introduce a fully mandatory digital labor contract system, fundamentally transforming the governance of labor relations. Building upon the Electronic Information System for Labor Contracts launched in 2014, recent amendments to the Labor Code abolished the requirement for physical books on labor and established electronic contracts as the sole legally valid format. All employment agreements must now be drafted, signed, registered, and stored digitally through the Labor and Employment Subsystem (EMAS), using reinforced electronic signatures such as Mobile ID, biometric verification, or USB token-based signatures.

The reform addresses long-standing structural challenges, including informal employment, administrative inefficiencies, fragmented workforce data, and limited transparency. The system embeds legal requirements directly into its architecture, automatically validating compliance with minimum wage, age, and working time regulations before a contract can enter into force. Real-time data exchange with more than 80 public and private institutions ensures accuracy, eliminates manual data entry, and enables proactive, risk-based labor inspection.

Measurable outcomes demonstrate significant impact. Contract registration time decreased from 2–3 days to 5–10 minutes, while the number of registered labor contracts increased from 1.4 million in 2019 to 1.8 million in 2025. Informal employment risks declined to minimal levels, fraud cases were nearly eliminated, and approximately 17 million sheets of paper were saved.

By institutionalizing compliance-by-design and a fully digital contract lifecycle, Azerbaijan has set a global benchmark for transparent, efficient, and rights-based labor governance aligned with Sustainable Development Goals 8 and 16.

This research explores the emotional, behavioral, and developmental influence of 1990s
animated content on individuals who were children during that decade, with a focus on the
Pakistani context. Targeting Millennials currently in their 30s and 40s, the study examines the
lasting impact of nostalgic media on emotional growth, social behavior, and cultural identity, and
compares it with the experiences of Generation Alpha, who are being raised in a digitally
immersive era. The qualitative study involves 40 participants 20 parents (10 male, 10 female) and
20 children (10 boys, 10 girls) through semi-structured interviews, questionnaires, and focus
groups. It investigates how nostalgic attachment to 90s cartoons influences contemporary views
on childhood, parenting, and education. The research analyzes international animated classics such
as The Lion King (1994), Beauty and the Beast (1991), and Aladdin (1992), recognized for their
emotional storytelling, moral frameworks, and hybrid animation techniques, all of which gained
popularity in Pakistan via dubbed television broadcasts. In addition, the study incorporates
regional animated figures such as Uncle Sargam, created by Farooq Qaiser, and Meena, introduced
by UNICEF in 1993, which played pivotal roles in promoting social awareness, particularly in
areas like girls’ education and children’s rights. Findings suggest that while today’s fast-paced,
technologically driven media often emphasizes visual stimulation, it lacks the emotional depth and
cultural grounding found in earlier content. By comparing intergenerational responses, this study
underscores the evolving role of animated narratives in shaping emotional resilience, moral
understanding, and cultural imagination among children in Pakistan.