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Bioavailability and biotransformation of paralytic shellfish toxins assessed by permeability assays using Caco‐2 monolayers
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Academic Editor: Ricardo Lagoa
Published:
29 June 2022
by MDPI
in Biosystems in Toxicology and Pharmacology – Current challenges
session Biomimicking and Biobarriers
Abstract:
Caco-2 cells are well established models of intestinal epithelium, being routinely used to evaluate toxicity and bioavailability. Although usually overlooked, Caco-2 monolayers may also be used to assess biotransformation by epithelial cells, which may lead to significant changes in the composition and properties of the ingested matrix. In this work we characterize paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) extracted from the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum strain regarding their permeability through and biotransformation by polarized Caco-2 monolayers. The results show that biotransformation influences the apparent permeability measured for the different PSTs in the extract, and alters the extract effective toxicity.
Keywords: Gymnodinium catenatum; Paralytic shellfish toxins; Gonyautoxin-5; Intestinal absorption; Caco-2 cells
Comments on this paper
Mthew Aderson
23 September 2022
The main PSTs are chitosan, domoic acid, and domoic acid metabolites. Chitosan is a polysaccharide that is found in crustaceans and other animals. Domoic acid is a toxic metabolite of domoic acid, which is produced by certain bacteria. Domoic acid is found in shellfish, fnf particularly oysters, and is thought to be responsible for the neurotoxicity of these foods.
Mthew Aderson
23 September 2022
The permeability of Caco‐2 monolayers to these toxins was assessed using flow cytometry. The results showed that the uptake of chitosan was significantly higher in [url=https://fnfonline.co/]fnf [/url] Caco‐2 monolayers exposed to domoic acid compared to non‐exposed controls (p 0.05).
Maria João Moreno
29 September 2022
Dear Mthew Aderson
I belieber there may bem some confusion. We do not understand your comments, not all neurotoxins are PSTs. There also seems to be some problem with the link provided. It leads to suspicious actions when oppened.
We belieber that science advance is based on trust.
Best regards
Maria João Moreno
I belieber there may bem some confusion. We do not understand your comments, not all neurotoxins are PSTs. There also seems to be some problem with the link provided. It leads to suspicious actions when oppened.
We belieber that science advance is based on trust.
Best regards
Maria João Moreno
Maria João Moreno
29 September 2022
Dear Mthew Aderson
I belieber there may bem some confusion. We do not understand your comments, not all neurotoxins are PSTs. There also seems to be some problem with the link provided. It leads to suspicious actions when oppened.
We belieber that science advance is based on trust.
Best regards
Maria João Moreno
I belieber there may bem some confusion. We do not understand your comments, not all neurotoxins are PSTs. There also seems to be some problem with the link provided. It leads to suspicious actions when oppened.
We belieber that science advance is based on trust.
Best regards
Maria João Moreno
Mthew Aderson
23 September 2022
Paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) fnf are a group of neurotoxins that are produced by a variety of marine organisms and can cause paralysis in humans. The toxins are believed to be produced by a neurotoxin-producing bacteria, which is present in the gut of humans and other animals.
