Bioavailability and biotransformation of paralytic shellfish toxins assessed by permeability assays using Caco‐2 monolayers

Cristiana L. Pires; Susana F. Nascimento; Elsa T. Rodrigues; Lia P. Godinho; Catarina Churro; Miguel A. Pardal; Maria João Moreno

doi:10.3390/BiTaP-12880

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Bioavailability and biotransformation of paralytic shellfish toxins assessed by permeability assays using Caco‐2 monolayers

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¹ Coimbra Chemistry Centre (CQC), Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004- 535 Coimbra, Portugal
² Centre for Functional Ecology (CFE), Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
³ Phytoplankton Laboratory, Division of Oceanography and Marine Environment, Department of the Sea and Marine Resources, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA), 1449-006 Lisbon, Portugal
⁴ Blue Biotechnology and Ecotoxicology (BBE), Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal

Academic Editor: Ricardo Lagoa

Published: 29 June 2022 by MDPI in Biosystems in Toxicology and Pharmacology – Current challenges session Biomimicking and Biobarriers

https://doi.org/10.3390/BiTaP-12880

Abstract:

Caco-2 cells are well established models of intestinal epithelium, being routinely used to evaluate toxicity and bioavailability. Although usually overlooked, Caco-2 monolayers may also be used to assess biotransformation by epithelial cells, which may lead to significant changes in the composition and properties of the ingested matrix. In this work we characterize paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) extracted from the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum strain regarding their permeability through and biotransformation by polarized Caco-2 monolayers. The results show that biotransformation influences the apparent permeability measured for the different PSTs in the extract, and alters the extract effective toxicity.

Keywords: Gymnodinium catenatum; Paralytic shellfish toxins; Gonyautoxin-5; Intestinal absorption; Caco-2 cells

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Comments on this paper

Mthew Aderson

23 September 2022

The main PSTs are chitosan, domoic acid, and domoic acid metabolites. Chitosan is a polysaccharide that is found in crustaceans and other animals. Domoic acid is a toxic metabolite of domoic acid, which is produced by certain bacteria. Domoic acid is found in shellfish, fnf particularly oysters, and is thought to be responsible for the neurotoxicity of these foods.

Mthew Aderson

23 September 2022

The permeability of Caco‐2 monolayers to these toxins was assessed using flow cytometry. The results showed that the uptake of chitosan was significantly higher in [url=https://fnfonline.co/]fnf [/url] Caco‐2 monolayers exposed to domoic acid compared to non‐exposed controls (p 0.05).

Maria João Moreno

29 September 2022

Dear Mthew Aderson

I belieber there may bem some confusion. We do not understand your comments, not all neurotoxins are PSTs. There also seems to be some problem with the link provided. It leads to suspicious actions when oppened.
We belieber that science advance is based on trust.

Best regards

Maria João Moreno

Maria João Moreno

29 September 2022

Mthew Aderson

23 September 2022

Paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) fnf are a group of neurotoxins that are produced by a variety of marine organisms and can cause paralysis in humans. The toxins are believed to be produced by a neurotoxin-producing bacteria, which is present in the gut of humans and other animals.