It is well established from various observational evidences that the relative abundance of baryonic matter in the Universe is less than 5%. The remaining 95% is made up of dark matter (DM) and dark energy. The physical implications of the Eddington luminosity and the mass-radius relation (for galaxies and galaxy clusters) gives a relative abundance of baryonic matter in the Universe which is similar to that established through observations. This need for an additional 85% of matter is attributed to the presence of non-baryonic invisible matter (DM) in the standard model. But, the existence of dark matter is yet to be confirmed by dark matter detection experiments running for decades.
In view of the negative results from dark matter detection experiments running for several years, we had earlier proposed alternate models (which do not require DM) by postulating a minimal field strength (analogous to minimal curvature) and a minimal acceleration. These postulates led naturally to the Modification of Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) and Modification of Newtonian Gravity (MONG) respectively. Here we discuss how the physical implication of the Eddington luminosity and the mass-radius relation can be accounted for from the results of MONG without invoking DM. We also explore the implications of Modifications to Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) as an alternate to dark matter.
In MONG we consider an additional gravitational self-energy term in the Poisson’s equation that gives rise to a logarithmic term in the solution. For a typical galaxy such as the Milky Way, beyond a distance of about 10kpc from the galactic centre, the gravitational self-energy term begins to dominate giving a force that increases logarithmically with distance thus accounting for the dynamics without requiring dark matter. A comparison of the Newtonian gravitational force and that obtained from MONG for various galaxy types is in accordance with observations (with MONG replacing DM). This argument can similarly be extended to larger scales like that of galaxy clusters and superclusters.
