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Spatiotemporal Variations of Glacier Surface Facies (GSF) in Svalbard: An example of Midtre Lovénbreen
1 , * 2, 3 , 4, 5 , 2
1  Svalbard Integrated Arctic Earth Observing System (SIOS), SIOS Knowledge Centre, Svalbard Science Centre, P.O. Box 156, N-9171, Longyearbyen, Svalbard, Norway
2  Department of Civil Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
3  Department of Geography and Research Centre, Parvatibai Chowgule College of Arts and Science (Autonomous), Gogol, Margao 403602, Goa, India
4  Department of Information Engineering and Computer Science, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy
5  Institute for Earth Observation, Eurac Research, Viale Druso 1, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
Academic Editor: Riccardo Buccolieri

Abstract:

Glacier surface facies (GSF) are the visible glaciological regions which can be distinguished and mapped at the end of summer using optical satellite data. GSF maps act as visual metrics of glacier health when assessed independently. Spatial distribution of all accumulation and ablation facies are an important input to 3D mass balance models. This is principally because although the two broad categories of ablation and accumulation can be mapped without division into surface facies, it is the spatiotemporal change of specific GSF that enables better modelling. For example, the progressive increase in area and distribution of melting ice and decrease in area and distribution of glacier ice may signal potential mass loss without significant change in overall area of the ablation zone. As glaciers in Svalbard are warming at a significantly higher rate than the global average, tracking the evolution of GSF is important for predictive assessment for the cryosphere in the Arctic. This will further facilitate robust methods for monitoring GSF on a planetary scale. In this context, we present a local scale spatiotemporal analysis of GSF of Midtre Lovénbreen, Svalbard. We used openly available Landsat 8 OLI and Sentinel 2A imagery from 2017-2022, to track the occurrence and variations in GSF via machine learning (ML). Current results suggest that ablation facies such as melting ice and dirty ice are increasing over time. Sentinel 2A provides finer resolution but is limited by its temporal coverage. Although Landsat is suitable for long-term trend analysis, its coarser resolution can lead to errors such as over/underestimation of smaller patches of facies on relatively smaller glaciers. As the spectral properties of GSF are consistent over time, a robust set of spectra depicting variations in physical appearance of facies may be used to train ML algorithms, thereby improving efficacy. In forthcoming studies, our objective is to expand the temporal scope spanning decades and to trace facies evolution over longer time series. This endeavor seeks to establish a robust GSF inventory for Svalbard.

Keywords: Glacier Surface Facies; Machine Learning; Landsat; Sentinel; Arctic
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