Introduction
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) occurring in the craniofacial region poses significant challenges due to its location and aggressive nature. This study explores the application of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) as an innovative approach to unravel molecular responses within craniofacial SCC. This technique holds clinical promise for early diagnosis, personalized treatment, intra-operative diagnosis, and preventive screening.
Infrared spectroscopy reveals molecular vibrations, providing unique fingerprints of biological tissues. In craniofacial SCC, FTIR plays a key role in distinguishing cancerous from non-cancerous tissue by identifying characteristic spectral markers. These markers correspond to changes in vibrational modes of biomolecules like lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates. Notably, alterations in lipid content and protein conformation reflect changes in the tumor microenvironment, cell proliferation, and differentiation.
Aim
The study aims to evaluate the protocol for differentiating SCC tissue from non-SCC tissue based on the infrared spectroscopic response.
Materials and methods
Samples were collected from craniofacial SCC patients at the Department of Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery. FTIR investigations utilized an Agilent Cary 640 spectrometer, with data analyzed through chemometric analysis focusing on 2 and 3 main components.
Results
The study demonstrates a statistically significant separation of cancerous and healthy tissue, varying among patients. Even in cases with subtle differences, speculation arises about the presence of cancerous lesions or tumor markers in healthy sections. PCA analysis highlights pronounced differences in amide groups of proteins, particularly alpha and beta structures, and in phospholipid moieties.
Conclusions
Infrared spectroscopy emerges as a powerful tool for probing molecular responses in squamous cell carcinoma. Providing unique molecular information, it aids in early diagnosis, real-time monitoring of treatment efficacy, and precise tumor margin assessment. Continued research and technological advancements could integrate this method into routine clinical practice, ultimately enhancing the management and outcomes for SCC patients.
