Abstract

Purpose: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) personifies a worldwide problem for public health. Indeed, squamous cell carcinoma is the most common cancer in the oral cavity and one of the top ten cancers across the globe. According to GLOBOCAN 2020, 264211 new cases of oral cancer were reported, and 125022 individuals died as a result of the disease. Oral cancer had an all-inclusive incidence and mortality rate.

Materials and Methods: An MTT assay was used to assess the proliferation effects of Sanguinarine in oral cancer. A scratch assay was performed using sanguinarine to evaluate the migration effects in oral cancer. To determine the effects of sanguinarine on the characteristics of OSCC colonization, a colony formation assay was performed. In oral cancer, Western blotting was used to measure EMT-attenuating protein expression as well as major pathway protein expression induced by TGF- treatment.

Results: The MTT assay revealed a dose-dependent inhibition of cell proliferation in oral cancer. The results of the scratch assay revealed that sanguinarine played a significant role as a migration impeder in oral cancer. The results of the colony-forming assay demonstrated that sanguinarine has the ability to inhibit the development of colonies. Sanguinarine inhibited cadherin switching in oral cancer based on Western blotting results for EMT-regulating protein expression after TGF- treatment. Furthermore, after TGF treatment, the expression of pathway proteins involved in the EMT process, such as Smad, PI3K/Akt, and MAP kinase, was significantly disguised.

Conclusions: Our findings aided inunderstanding the inhibitoryrole of sanguinarine in OSCC tumorigenesis and its effects on impeding migration and metastasis by following the Smad and PI3K/Akt/MAP kinase pathways.