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Exposure to platinum group elements in young university students from Leicester, England
* 1, 2 , 3 , 4 , 3 , 5
1  Department of Surgery, Medical and Social Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona, Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
2  Leicester School of Allied Health Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, LE1 9BH, UK.
3  Scientific Computation & Technological Innovation Center (SCoTIC), Universidad de La Rioja, Logroño, Spain.
4  Departamento de Investigación Agroambiental. IMIDRA. Finca el Encín, Crta. Madrid-Barcelona Km, 38.2, 28800 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
5  Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Alcalá, Crta. Madrid-Barcelona Km, 33.6, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
Academic Editor: Yankai Xia

Abstract:

We assessed dietary exposure to platinum group elements (PGEs; platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd) and rhodium (Rh)) in young adults (18-23 yrs–old) at De Montfort University (DMU, England). In total, 111 (20.45 ± 1.16 yrs-old; 78 female) DMU students completed a validated Food Frequency Questionnaire. PGEs were analysed viaICP-MS in scalp hair provided by 73 of these participants (58 females), as human hair has been described as a reliable tool to monitor environmental exposure to Pd and Pt. Data were processed with the statistical package ‘NADA’ in R due to a high presence of censored results (data presented as censored percentages and LoDs in µg/g for Pd, Pt and Rh, respectively: 100%, 0.0057; 75.34%, 0.00046; 82.19%, 0.0014). Pt was detected in hair from sixteen female (median and IQR, in µg/g: 0.00014 (0.000036, 0.000551)) and two male participants (P95=0.00205, in µg/g); Rh was detected in seven female (P95=0.0038, in µg/g) and six male participants (median and IQR, in µg/g: 0.00097 (0.00028, 0.00335)). Only Rh showed sex-dependency (p-value=0.00392), possibly due to the high presence of censored values in female/male participants. The concentrations of Pt were similar to those reported in adolescents’ hair from Palermo, where higher levels in females were also reported. Pt was positively correlated with fatty fish intake (r=0.292; p-value<0.05) and Rh with the intake of dairy products and fish (r=0.293, 0.286; p-value<0.05) and very positively with the intake of eggs, meat and crisps and snacks (r=0.311, 0.315, 0.335; p-value<0.01). The differences in the intake of these foods might explain the sex differences found for Rh in hair. Thus, the intake of eggs (17.625 vs. 16.998 g/day) and meat (271.55 vs. 193.06 g/day) was higher in male counterparts. The differences found for Pt may similarly be explained by the fact that female participants ate more fatty fish (13.41 vs. 10.05 g/day). Our results suggest that DMU students would have experienced a minimal exposure to PGEs.

Keywords: PGEs, human hair, dietary intake, university students.
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