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Genome-wide identification, structural characterization and expression profile of AUX/LAX genes during the development of adventitious roots in Juglans regia L.
1 , 2 , 2, 3 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 4 , * 5
1  Department of Biology, University of Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal
2  MED—Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE—Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Institute of Research and Advanced Training, University of Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal
3  Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
4  MED—Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE—Global Change and Sustainability Institute, School of Science and Technology, Department of Plant Science, University of Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portug
5  MED—Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE—Global Change and Sustainability Institute, School of Science and Technology, Department of Biology, University of Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal
Academic Editor: Monica Boscaiu

Abstract:

The phytohormone auxin plays a key role in most processes of plant development and growth, including de novo morphogenic events like the formation of adventitious roots. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanisms behind adventitious rooting (AR) remain not completely understood, and many plants species, like the walnut tree (Juglans regia L.), exhibit a recalcitrant behaviour towards stem cuttings propagation. AUX/LAX genes encode a family of auxin influx transporters involved in the transport of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), directly synthesized by plant cells or derived from the conversion of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), with a leading role in the induction phase of the AR process. The present study aimed to identify and characterize the members of the AUX/LAX family in J. regia through diverse in silico methods. An analysis of promoter sequences was also performed to provide insights into the regulation of JrAUX/LAX expression. Eight JrAUX/LAX genes were identified, and all demonstrated highly conserved structural characteristics, with all members comprising eight exons showing conserved length, interrupted by seven length-variable introns. To analyse the involvement of JrAUX/LAX in AR, an in vitro rooting trial was established. Basal region of microcuttings of ‘Paradox’, the first-generation hybrid between two Juglans species (J. hindsii X J. regia), were immersed in an IBA solution, and further inoculated in rooting medium. Sections of the basal region of microcuttings from both IBA-treated and non-treated samples were collected at different timepoints post-immersion: 0h, 6h, 72h, 5 days and 7 days. JrAUX/LAX exhibited differential expression patterns between IBA and control samples and amongst timepoints during the experiment, indicating the involvement of these genes in the induction phase of the AR process. Further investigation considering genotypes behaving differently to the AR stimulus should be performed to better comprehend the role of the JrAUX/LAX family in this morphogenic process.

Keywords: auxin; AUX/LAX; Juglans regia; adventitious roots
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