Anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) are biocides that disrupt normal blood clotting by inhibiting the vitamin K cycle in the liver, leading to death through internal bleeding. Although these compounds primarily target rodents, they can also pose a risk to non-target species such as nocturnal birds of prey, which often consume rodents. To investigate secondary exposure to ARs, it is essential to focus on species that specialize in hunting rodents, particularly nocturnal raptors. In addition to their rodent-based diet, nocturnal birds of prey are among the most widespread avian species in Europe and thrive in both rural and urban environments, making them ideal sentinel species for various ecotoxicological studies. While numerous studies have examined secondary AR exposure in raptors across the globe, there is still no clear evidence of impacts at the population level. This work aims to highlight how ARs have affected wild nocturnal birds of prey in Europe over the past few decades, identify the species most affected, and summarize how these compounds function, as well as the primary clinical signs or lesions observed in poisoned birds. A total of 19 studies, published between 1983 and 2021, were included in this review, meeting all the selection criteria. These 19 studies provided 44 observations of various species and covered eight types of anticoagulant rodenticides. Moving forward, greater care should be taken in the use of anticoagulants for rodent control in areas where avian predators may consume poisoned prey. Some ARs can be extremely toxic to predators, posing a significant risk to species already facing threats, underscoring the need for new, environmentally friendly alternatives.