Forensic entomology is a well-established tool in post-mortem interval (PMI) estimation, relying on the succession and development of necrophagous insects. However, despite its forensic significance, the field faces methodological challenges that impact the accuracy and reliability of its conclusions. The most critical limitations include environmental variability, species misidentification, and the influence of toxicological substances on insect development, which can lead to over- or underestimations of PMIs due to altered insect growth rates and succession patterns. To address these concerns, this review evaluates existing forensic entomology methodologies and explores emerging approaches that could enhance its forensic applicability.

A systematic review of the recent literature on forensic entomology was conducted, focusing on its practical applications, challenges, and the influence of external factors on PMI estimation. Case studies, experimental research, and forensic toxicology analyses were examined to assess how species variability and environmental conditions affect forensic accuracy. Additionally, AI-based insect classification and biochemical approaches for detecting toxicological residues were explored as potential advancements in forensic entomology.

This review indicates that species misidentification remains a significant concern, particularly due to morphological similarities among necrophagous insects. Furthermore, toxicological substances found in decomposing remains can alter insect development rates, leading to inaccurate PMI assessments. AI-driven classification methods are a promising improvement in species identification accuracy, while biochemical analyses of necrophagous insects present new opportunities for forensic entomotoxicology by enhancing toxicological screening in forensic investigations.

Despite its established forensic significance, forensic entomology requires methodological refinements to enhance its reliability in criminal investigations. The integration of AI-driven insect classification and biochemical analysis into forensic protocols can significantly improve PMI estimation accuracy and forensic toxicology assessments. Future research should focus on validating these technologies through controlled forensic studies and real-case applications to ensure their accuracy, reproducibility, and forensic admissibility.