Fireflies, renowned for their bioluminescence, are increasingly threatened by traffic pollution, anthropogenic pressures, and habitat disruption. This study, conducted in 2023 along Charmadi ghat (13°03′25″N and 75°25′40″E), Chikkamangaluru, Karnataka, investigated the effects of traffic-related pollution—such as light, noise, and air pollutants—on firefly behaviour and population dynamics.
We measured traffic volume by directly counting vehicle passes on Charmadi Road, noise using a sound level meter (IEC 61672 class 1), light intensity using a lux meter (LX-101A), and air pollutants (RSPM, SPM). A survey involving 1,500 participants assessed perceived threats.
Noise levels reached a maximum of 68.12 dB near the road, approaching the suggested threshold of 74 dB at 10 meters for impacting fireflies (STIS, 2021). Heavy vehicles, such as trucks (82.64 lx) and buses (92.08 lx), exhibited the highest light intensity. Measured air pollutants included RSPM at 24.479 µg/m³ and SPM at 36.6319 µg/m³. The survey revealed that artificial lighting is perceived as a primary factor in firefly decline, with deforestation, flooding, and agricultural chemical use also cited as significant threats.
The observed noise and elevated air pollutant levels contribute to habitat degradation, potentially forcing fireflies to relocate and impeding their ecological functions. The high light intensity from heavy vehicles may disrupt firefly bioluminescence, mating behaviour, and predator–prey interactions. These particulate matter levels suggest potential long-term impacts on firefly habitats, warranting further investigation. The participant survey supports these findings, highlighting the role of artificial lighting and other anthropogenic pressures in firefly population decline. This research emphasizes the critical significance of managing artificial lighting pollution. Furthermore, the findings indicate that firefly ecotourism can positively contribute to the economy while reinforcing conservation efforts and research initiatives aimed at firefly preservation. The study concludes that addressing traffic-related pollution and promoting sustainable practices are essential for conserving firefly populations in this region.
