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Evolution of adaptation and avoidance of natural selection in species of Aphidoidea
1  Institute of Plant Protection of the National Academy of Sciences. Ukraine
Academic Editor: Antonella Di Palma

Abstract:

The genome is a complex system of interaction of plesiomorphic and apomorphic genes. Plesiomorphic genes and the traits controlled by them (genus, familia, classis, phylum, regnum) are characterized by high stability over millions of years, do not mutate and avoid the action of natural selection

Genes that control and regulate apomorphic features function according to statistical laws and carry out the processes of adaptation and evolution of species. Only these genes form (dominant or recessive) mutations and adjust the parameters of apomorphic features within the limits of the "reaction norm" to environmental changes.

Adaptation or "continuous rearmament" from the point of view of the concept of "economy of nature" is unprofitable. In the process of evolution, a more economical way emerged, which is based on avoiding the influence of natural selection similar to plesiomorphic genes.

Avoidance can be briefly traced in certain species of Aphidoidea. The vast majority of species live openly on the leaves and shoots of fodder plants, adapting to a wide range of factors, and species that have avoided the influence of certain factors of natural selection.

Yes, Pemphigus fuscicornis (Koch), Daktylosphaera vitifoliae (Fitch) pressed on the root system grew, the species Adelges laricis Vallot, A.laricis Vall., Dysaphis devecta (Walk.), Sacchiphantes abietis (L.), S.viridis (Ratz.) form galls, or false galls of Hamamelistes betulinus (Horvath) changing the environment to suit their needs. A common biological phenomenon of Aphidoidea species avoidance is dispersal, dioecy and parthenogenesis of some species. Sexual reproduction is considered unprofitable.

So, the genome is a complex biological system of the interaction of plesiomorphic (determined) and apomorphic (mutating and acting within the framework of statistical regularity) genes.

Keywords: Aphidoidea; adaptation; avoidance;
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