Grasshoppers are an integral part of terrestrial ecosystems, playing a crucial role in nutrient cycling and serving as a food source for various predators. This study aimed to compare the diversity of grasshoppers in the Aralam Wildlife Sanctuary and its surrounding agroecosystem. A total of 35 species of short-horned grasshoppers belonging to 14 genera and five subfamilies were recorded from six locations. The species richness and diversity of grasshoppers were highest in the sanctuary and lowest in the agricultural fields. The Shannon–Wiener diversity index (H’) and the Simpson index (D) were used to quantify the diversity of grasshoppers in different habitats. The results showed that the grasslands and forests within the sanctuary support a higher diversity of grasshopper species than the agricultural fields. The evenness index (J) suggested that the grasslands have a more uneven distribution. Agroecosystems and forests exhibit distinct management practices, with agroecosystems witnessing intensive anthropogenic activities and forests experiencing minimal human disturbance. This disparity in management regimes has significant implications for the distribution of the grasshopper population. Chituara indica, a dominant species, shows wide distribution across agroecosystems and forests, and has been observed to tolerate pesticide usage. The findings of this study highlight the importance of conserving the natural habitats of the Aralam Wildlife Sanctuary and its surrounding agroecosystem to maintain the diversity of short-horned grasshoppers.