Abstract (200–300 words):

The increasing demand for sustainable, biocompatible nanotherapeutics has drawn attention to green synthesis methods using plant-based resources. Beta vulgaris (beetroot), known for its rich polyphenolic and antioxidant content, presents great potential as a natural reducing and stabilizing agent in nanoparticle production. This study explores the green synthesis, characterization, and anti-inflammatory evaluation of zinc nanoparticles (ZnNPs) mediated by Beta vulgaris extract.

ZnNPs were synthesized using aqueous root extracts of Beta vulgaris via a bottom-up approach. The phytochemicals in the extract facilitated an efficient reduction in zinc ions and stabilization of the nanoparticles. Reaction parameters such as pH, temperature, and extract concentration were optimized to ensure reproducibility and product quality. The resulting colloidal suspension remained stable without visible aggregation for several weeks.

Comprehensive characterization was carried out using UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR and SEM. SEM analysis showed an average particle size of 68 ± 5 nm with a polydispersity index (PDI) of <0.3, indicating excellent homogeneity. SEM images confirmed spherical morphology with particle sizes ranging from 50 to 80 nm. FTIR spectra confirmed no drug-excipient incompatibility in nanoparticle stabilization.

Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using protein denaturation and nitric oxide scavenging assays, revealing potent effects comparable to standard drugs. The observed activity may be due to the synergistic antioxidant effects of Beta vulgaris and the immunomodulatory properties of zinc, potentially through NF-κB pathway inhibition.

This study highlights a green, cost-effective route for synthesizing stable and bioactive ZnNPs with promising pharmaceutical applications for managing inflammatory disorders.