Advances in immuno-oncology have significantly transformed the therapeutic landscape of cancer treatment. However, evaluating the spatial and temporal dynamics of therapeutic antibodies within the tumor microenvironment (TME) remains a major challenge. Molecular imaging using radiolabeled antibodies has emerged as a powerful strategy to visualize and quantify antibody distribution, target engagement, and immune activation in real time. In this study, we describe the design and application of radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies that selectively bind to immune checkpoints and tumor-associated antigens. Employing imaging modalities such as positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), we demonstrate high specificity in detecting tumors, immune cell infiltration, and antigen heterogeneity in preclinical models. Radiolabeled antibody imaging enables longitudinal monitoring of therapeutic responses, allowing real-time assessment of treatment efficacy and adaptive changes in the TME. Importantly, this approach provides a non-invasive method for guiding patient selection, optimizing therapeutic dosing, and identifying mechanisms of resistance. By integrating diagnostic imaging with therapeutic antibodies, our work contributes to the advancement of antibody-based theranostics and precision oncology. The convergence of immunotherapy and imaging technologies paves the way for a more personalized and effective approach to cancer care, improving both clinical decision-making and patient outcomes.
This innovative strategy holds significant potential to enhance the design and clinical translation of next-generation antibody therapeutics.