Climate change has emerged as a critical threat to agriculture in Sylhet, Bangladesh, a region distinguished by its diverse agro-ecological zones, including haor wetlands, hilly tea plantations, and fertile floodplains. Increasingly erratic weather patterns such as unseasonal rainfall, flash floods, and prolonged droughts are destabilizing agricultural productivity, endangering rural livelihoods, and intensifying food insecurity. Although Bangladesh has developed comprehensive climate strategies—such as the Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan (BCCSAP), the National Adaptation Plan (NAP), and the Delta Plan 2100—their effective implementation at the local level remains questionable. This study investigates the policy gaps and evaluates the role of local governance in translating national climate agendas into actionable interventions for climate-resilient agriculture in Sylhet. This study adopted a mixed-methods approach. Quantitative data were collected from a survey of 150 farmers across three agro-ecological zones in Sylhet, assessing their perceptions, losses, and access to institutional support related to climate impacts. Additionally, 20 key informant interviews were conducted with officials from Union Parishads, Upazila administrations, agricultural extension departments, and local NGOs. A policy content analysis was also carried out to examine how national frameworks are operationalized within local administrative and planning structures. Findings reveal significant policy and implementation gaps. These include inadequate decentralization of climate adaptation funds, weak coordination between government departments, limited training of extension workers on climate-resilient farming, and the absence of localized climate risk assessments in development planning. Many farmers reported receiving little to no institutional support during climate shocks, relying instead on traditional knowledge and informal networks. This study recommends greater devolution of climate-related decision-making and financing to the Union and Upazila, targeted training for local officials, improved integration of local data into national planning, and farmer-inclusive adaptation strategies. Strengthening local governance is essential to building long-term resilience in Sylhet’s climate-vulnerable agricultural sector.