Introduction:
Graphene oxide (GO), a chemically modified derivative of graphene, has emerged as a highly versatile nanomaterial in the biomedical domain due to its large surface area, rich functional groups, high aqueous dispersibility, and tunable surface chemistry. These properties make GO ideal for applications in drug and gene delivery, cancer diagnosis and therapy, bioimaging, tissue engineering, and antimicrobial treatments.

Methods:
This review synthesizes findings from the recent peer-reviewed literature (2010–2025) on the biomedical utilization of GO. A qualitative methodology was adopted to analyze the mechanisms by which GO interacts with biological systems. Emphasis was placed on evaluating biocompatibility, delivery mechanisms, surface modification strategies, and theranostic capabilities.

Results:
GO-based nanocarriers demonstrated controlled drug release efficiencies of up to 95% and gene transfection efficiencies exceeding 80% when modified with polymers like polyethyleneimine (PEI) or chitosan. In cancer photothermal therapy, GO exhibited tumor inhibition rates of up to 92% under near-infrared (NIR) light. Cellular uptake rates of functionalized GO often exceeded 85%, enhancing targeting precision. Additionally, magnetic GO composites enabled rapid separation and imaging, with minimal toxicity in in vitro systems. However, variability in synthesis methods and concerns over long-term in vivo effects were frequently cited.

Conclusion:
Graphene oxide nanomaterials offer remarkable versatility and efficiency in biomedical applications, particularly in drug delivery and cancer therapy. While the experimental results are promising, clinical translation is limited by challenges including toxicity, the lack of standardized protocols, and scalability. Future efforts should focus on green synthesis, long-term biocompatibility, and multifunctional platform development to bridge the gap between laboratory findings and real-world medical applications.