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Notes on the diversity and conservation of three threatened subtidal octocorals of the highly urbanised coastal regions of Mumbai, Arabian Sea
* 1 , 2 , 3
1  Faculty of Ocean Science and Technology, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Kochi, India
2  Coastal Conservation Foundation, Mumbai, India
3  Department of Aquatic Environment Management, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Kochi, India
Academic Editor: Mathias Harzhauser

Published: 01 December 2025 by MDPI in The 1st International Online Conference on Taxonomy session Animal Taxonomy
Abstract:

Here, we formally redescribe Menella indica Gray, 1870, a century after its original description from Back Bay, Mumbai, India. We also report Pseudopterogorgia fredericki Williams & Vennam, 2001, a species common along Mumbai’s rocky shores and Echinogorgia sp., a potential new species and more elusive sub-tidal inhabitant of the region. Using an integrative taxonomic approach, we provide descriptive notes and detailed illustrations of external morphology and sclerites of the three species. A phylogenetic tree based on sequences (12 newly generated) of a single mitochondrial marker (mtMutS) was also constructed to examine the systematic position and evolutionary relationship of the three species among similar Indo-Pacific taxa. The white, unbranched specimen matches the original description of M. indica Gray, 1870, with distinguishable sclerites in the form of rooted leaf-scales mostly in the calyx and surface layer. Similarly, the external morphology and sclerite structure (mostly spindles and scaphoids) match the original description of Pseudopterogorgia fredericki Williams & Vennam, 2001, described from St. Mary Isles, Karnataka, India. However, Williams & Vennam stated that there are no sclerites in the polyps, whereas the specimens examined here have flattened rods on the polyps. Echinogorgia sp. colonies are small, grow in one plane, with non-anastomosing branches, and thornscales and tuberculate spindles as the major type of sclerites. The phylogenetic tree recovers all sequences of the genus Pseudopterogorgia, including P. fredericki, and genera Echinogorgia and Menella, including Echinogorgia sp. and M. indica within the family Gorgoniidae and Paramuriceidae, respectively. We further discuss the conservation status of the three species based on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) methodology and classify the species into specific Red List categories. Major threats to species in the region include coastal zone reclamation and development, pollution, and climate change.

Keywords: redescription; taxonomy; systematics; IUCN; Red List; vulnerable ecosystems
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