This study elucidates the ecophysiological mechanisms of olive trees (Olea europaea), using the historic Menara Garden in Marrakech as a case study, and highlights their central role in the resilience of semi-arid urban agroecosystems. By integrating hyperspectral remote sensing, bioeconomic modeling (via i-Tree Eco software), and biophysical analysis results, we comprehensively quantify the ecosystem services provided by this urban park (spanning 100 ha and hosting over 10,000 trees).
The findings demonstrate optimized microclimate regulation, with evapotranspiration accounting for 53.21% of the local water balance, thereby mitigating the urban heat island effect. This park sequesters 0.2264 t of CO₂, 5.130909 t of O₃, 0.34 t of NO₂, 0.0282727 t of SO₂, and 1.28 t of atmospheric particulate matter (PM₂.₅–PM₁₀) annually, while stabilizing soils through a deep root system (up to 6 m). Additionally, biomass flow analysis reveals a circular valorization of 268 tons per year into renewable energy, illustrating the integration of circular economy principles. These functions stem from adaptive functional traits: adjustable stomatal conductance (50–150 mmol H₂O m⁻² s⁻¹), a moderate leaf area index (2.5–4.0), and high phenotypic plasticity under water stress. Hydraulic simulations reveal exceptional optimization of water fluxes (Ψₘₐₓ = -4.2 MPa), resulting in water savings of 35 ± 5% without significant yield reduction (*p* > 0.05).
This study presents a conceptual and empirical framework that integrates plant physiology, ecosystem services, and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), highlighting the need to reorient urban policies around green infrastructure as pillars of sustainability. The results advocate for agroecological management of urban parks that combine climate mitigation, economic circularity, and biodiversity preservation in semi-arid and dry environments.