The maritime industry investigated how to lower its carbon footprint, which led to more interest in alternative technologies like nuclear power. Traditional engines that use fuel oil are now facing stricter rules because of greenhouse gas emissions and environmental issues. Nuclear propulsion is considered for large ships since it does not produce direct operational emissions and allows ships to sail longer without refueling.
This study compares nuclear and conventional fuel propulsion for large commercial vessels, looking at technical and economic performance, environmental impacts, and regulatory and administrative requirements. The goal is to see how nuclear propulsion could help reduce greenhouse gas emissions in shipping. This study depicts a comparative technical and economic analysis of HFO-based propulsion and nuclear propulsion systems for large commercial vessels. Essential parameters include energy efficiency, fuel consumption, lifecycle costs (CAPEX and OPEX), operational autonomy, and environmental impact. Additionally, qualitative factors, particularly regulatory constraints, organizational requirements, safety considerations, and social perception, are evaluated based on current commercial reports and maritime frameworks, including guidelines from the International Maritime Organization.
The study shows that nuclear propulsion has many advantages, such as being more efficient, lacking a need for fuel, and producing no emissions. Over the vessel lifecycle, nuclear systems become economically competitive under high fuel prices and carbon regulations. However, high initial capital costs, complex operational requirements, and limited regulatory harmonization remain major barriers. Furthermore, public beliefs and port access restrictions significantly affect the feasibility of implementation.
Nuclear propulsion is a technically feasible and possibly cost-effective option for some types of large ships. However, regulatory frameworks and public acceptance, which are non-technical factors, limit the widespread adoption of nuclear propulsion in commercial shipping. Future development will depend on harmonized international regulation, cost reduction of reactor technologies, and increased confidence in nuclear safety within the maritime sector.
