In this study, the anti-corrosive performances and coating properties of alkyd resins chemically modified with phenolic, urethane, THEIC (1,3,5-tris-(2-hydroxyethyl)isocyanurate), silicone and epoxy on metal surfaces were comparatively evaluated. Despite their advantageous properties in the paint industry, alkyd resins exhibit limited barrier performance against water, ions, and corrosion due to the hydrolysis-prone ester bonds in their structure. In order to eliminate this disadvantage, various chemical modification methods are recommended in the literature. According to the literature, in alkyd resins, phenolic modification creates an effective physical barrier against water vapor and chloride ions thanks to its dense cross-linked three-dimensional network structure. TDI-based urethane modification suppresses the susceptibility of ester bonds to hydrolysis, enhancing chemical stability, mechanical rigidity, and flexibility. It is believed that THEIC modification with trifunctional structure accelerates the curing kinetics and raises the glass transition temperature (Tg). Epoxy modification strengthens the hydrophobic characteristic, especially with alkali resistance. Silicon modification, on the other hand, significantly improves hydrophobic and environmental strength thanks to its low surface energy and high Si–O bond energy. In this study, phenolic-, urethane-, THEIC-, epoxy-, and silicone-modified alkyd resins were synthesized, and white paint recipes were prepared. The corrosion performance of these paints was evaluated by salt spray test. The physical and mechanical properties of the prepared paints were examined by drying time, gloss, König hardness, and adhesion (crosscut) tests. Surface hydrophobicity was evaluated by contact angle measurements, and morphological and structural features were determined by SEM, XRD, and FT-IR analyses. This study comparatively considers the corrosion resistance of different alkyd modifications. The results obtained revealed that the synthesized modified alkyd resins can exhibit good-to-excellent corrosion resistance under harsh environmental conditions. This research is expected to guide high-performance and alternative alkyd resin systems that can be developed in the future.