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Investigating the Mechanical and Corrosion Properties of Ti 21S Produced via Laser Powder Directed Energy Deposition: A Viable Alternative to Ti-6Al-4V for Biomedical Implants
* 1 , * 2, 3 , 4 , 4 , 5 , 5 , 2, 3 , 2, 3
1  Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 1029, Torino, Italy
2  Department of Management and Production Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
3  Integrated Additive Manufacturing Center (IAM@PoliTo), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Castelfidardo 51, 10129 Torino, Italy
4  Department of Innovative Technologies, University of Applied Science and Arts of Southern Switzerland (SUPSI), Via La Santa 1, 6962, Lugano, Switzerland
5  Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
Academic Editor: HOMERO Castaneda

Abstract:

The increasing prevalence of implants is parallel to the global aging population. Titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V (Ti 64) is widely utilized in biomedical applications; however, concerns regarding aluminium (Al) and vanadium (V) ion release and their potential long-term effects on human health are prompting the exploration of alternative materials. Among these, β-titanium alloys that are free of Al and V are being investigated. Ti 21S, a metastable β-titanium alloy, demonstrates a lower Young’s modulus that aligns more closely with the mechanical properties of human cortical bone, thereby mitigating the issue of stress shielding. In this study, Ti 64 and Ti 21S were fabricated using laser powder directed energy deposition (LP-DED), and their properties, including density, microstructure, hardness, and corrosion behaviour in a 0.9% NaCl solution, were assessed. Optimized LP-DED parameters for Ti 21S yielded over 99.9% of theoretical density, a fully β microstructure, uniform hardness, and stable passivation with low corrosion currents, indicating strong resistance to corrosive degradation. These findings confirm that Directed Energy Deposition can successfully produce high-quality Ti 21S while maintaining its advantageous properties. Overall, Ti 21S exhibits corrosion performance at least comparable to that of Ti 64 while offering a mechanical response characterized by a lower modulus closer to that of bone. In light of the increasing demand for durable implants in an aging population, Ti 21S presents a promising alternative to Ti 64 for future biomedical applications.

Keywords: Additive manufacturing, β-titanium, Ti 21S; Ti-6Al-4V; Laser Powder Directed Energy Deposition; Corrosion; Mechanical Properties, Biomedical Implant.
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