Visceral leishmaniasis is a neglected zoonotic disease in Brazil, occurring predominantly in tropical and subtropical areas. It is a chronic disease with systemic involvement, associated with high morbidity and mortality. Analyzing the epidemiological behavior of this disease is essential for planning effective prevention and control strategies.

This was a retrospective ecological study based on secondary data obtained from the Department of Informatics of the Brazilian Unified Health System (DATASUS). Records of cases and deaths due to visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil from 2015 to 2025 were analyzed. The variables evaluated included year of occurrence, geographic region, sex, and age group. A descriptive analysis was performed to assess temporal and regional distribution.

During the study period, a total of 28,553 cases and 2,295 deaths due to visceral leishmaniasis were recorded in Brazil. The highest frequencies of cases and deaths were observed in the Northeast and Southeast regions. Males and individuals aged 20 to 39 years were the most affected. A variable temporal pattern was observed, with periods of increased mortality in certain regions of the country.

Therefore, visceral leishmaniasis, as a neglected disease, represents a major public health challenge in Brazil, with significant regional and demographic inequalities. The findings highlight the need to strengthen epidemiological surveillance, promote early diagnosis, and implement public policies targeted at areas with the highest disease burden.