Salinity is a type of abiotic stress that limits the growth and development of crops, including tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), one of the most consumed agricultural products worldwide. More and more agricultural soils contain high concentrations of salts due to inadequate agricultural practices and irrigation with low-quality water. At the same time, another environmental problem is the production of olive mill wastewater, which is characterized by its toxicity and high-volume production, affecting Mediterranean countries where olive oil is mainly produced. In this context, the aim of this work was to evaluate the efficacy of olive mill wastewater applied to tomato plants under salt stress conditions. For this purpose, an experiment was carried out in a greenhouse where tomato plants were kept under controlled conditions and two different doses of the olive mill wastewater were applied. Positive effects were obtained when the lowest dose was applied, increasing fresh weight by 25% and dry weight by 19%; oxidative stress effects such as MDA and H₂O₂ production and electrolyte leakage were reduced by 11, 12 and 12%, respectively; and proline content was also reduced by 14% compared to the saline control, so it had some efficacy as a biostimulant. However, the highest dose showed low efficacy as well as possible phytotoxic effects on tomato plants when this treatment was applied, producing an increase in transpiration of 51% compared to the normal control. This effect made the highest dose of olive mill wastewater unsuitable as a biostimulant under the conditions of this study.

For the production of edible oils intended for commercial usage, major oilseed crops such as Brassica napus L. are essential. This study proposed to determine Brassica species' botanical descriptions and assess the performance of different variants of Brassica in terms of quantitative and morphological characteristics. The associated traits and morphological characteristics of fifteen Brassica genotypes were assessed. Using three replications, the trial was carried out using a Randomized Complete Block Design. Quantitative parameters, such as the number of major branches, plant height, the number of seeds per plant, the weight of 1000 seeds, days to maturity, and yield, were noted in the data. The study's findings demonstrate that genotype 10 has the largest plant height (121.33 cm), while genotype 9 has the maximum number of primary branches (6.33), genotype 11 has the maximum number of seeds (29), and genotype 8 has the maximum yield (33.66g). Correlation and analysis of variance are used to assess the accuracy of the data. The study's findings show a favorable and strong association between plant height and yield, seeds, and the number of main branches. The quantity of seeds and the number of primary branches have a negative correlation, but days to maturity and yield are positively correlated. There is a positive relationship between the yield and height of plants and the number of major branches, the number of seeds, and days till maturity.

Brazil has the largest cultivated area and production of soybean, being the global leader of soybean exportations. However, the state of Pará, located in the Brazilian Amazon biome, emerged as a new agriculture frontier of this oilseed. Recently, the COVID – 19 pandemic and the war between Russia and Ukraine broken countless global supply chains, including soft commodities. Thus, our research aims to describe the input costs and volatility of the price of soybean in the Paragominas pole, state of Pará, Brazil, between the seasons 2018/19 and 2024/25. The methodology consisted of to analyse the data supplied by a local agricultural company that makes barter between inputs for soybeans with the farmers, being each soy bag equal to 60 kg. We also pricing and to analysing the historical price trend of soybeans in the futures of Chicago board of trade, as well showing some options of derivative tools for hedging to the farmers. The COVID -19 pandemic did not impact the barter in the season 2020/21 (22.19 bags/ha, input costs = US $ 470.43/ha and soy bag price = US $ 21.2). Notwithstanding, in 2021/22 forth, despite the soybean price increased, also were noted a substantial increase in the inputs price and the barter ratio, with the highest peak observed in 2022/23 harvest (28.35 bags/ha, input costs = US $ 884.52/ha and soy bag price = US $ 31.2). We suggest that soybeans producers make their barter with some hedge against falling soybean price by taking up a position in the soybeans futures market, seeking to protect of volatility and fluctuations of market.

Primula (Primrose) is an important horticultural crop grown in glass houses for its ornamental value in the NE US. Plants are prized that exhibit large, prolific flowers. The potential of several combinations or concentrations of CaCl² products and a control were tested in on several Primrose cultivars ("Donova Mix", Sakata) at UConn. The products tested were CalOxFT (Biosafe Systems, East Hartford, Connecticut), which is an 8-0-0 fertilizer with 10% mobilized calcium, and DowFlake (Occidental Chemical Corporation, Dallas, TX), which is fundamentally a road salt product adapted to horticulture research. Plant dry weight, number of flowers, and flower diameter were measured.

A Poisson regression model was carried out in R. Statistical analysis revealed that there was interaction between cultivar and CaCl² treatment (p<0.01), suggesting a high genetic variance in Primula response to CaCl². Flower color was associated with Total flower number, with the positively associated cultivars being Flower Color Pink 1, Flower Color Pink 3, and Flower Color White (p<0.05). For example, the Blue flower color was a mid-performer, with a mean of 62.9 total flowers, and Flower color Pink 1 produced an average of 99.45 total flowers.

In terms of CaCl² treatments, DowFlake1X and DowFlakePlusCalOx1/2 were positively associated with number of TotalFlowers (p<0.05). Using Tukey contrasts for multiple comparisons of means, we determined that DowFlake1X resulted in significantly more flowers than the control, and also DowFlakePlusCalOX1/2 produced significantly more flowers per plant than the control during the experiment (p<0.005). The mean number of the flowers for the control group was 72.35; the DowFlake1X group had an average flower number of 81, and DowFlakePlusCalOX1/2 had an average of 79.5 flowers per plant.

There was no honestly significant difference in average flower diameter from CaCl² treatments; this parameter was determined by the Flower Color or variety. The average flower diameters varied from 5.033- 5.2cm and were similar for the treatments and control. This research may be applicable to other flowering crops, and suggests that nursery operators may optimize production by selecting the top performers under CaCl² treatment.

The cultivation of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) involves large extensions of soil or greenhouses, which in recent decades has been reduced due to problems such as erosion. An alternative that has been found to maintain crop yields is the use of culture media and hydroponic systems. Taking into account the problem with the amount of marine and food residues, as well as the rising demand for alternative crop substrates to achieve sustainable and ecological agriculture, the objective of this study was to evaluate different growing substrates obtained from the valorization of residues suitable for the development of tomato. For this purpose, a physicochemical characterization (pH, electrical conductivity, porosity, bulk density, organic matter content, and elemental analysis) of the following substrates was carried out: i) 50% peat+50% vermiculite as the control treatment, ii) 50% compost+50% vermiculite, and iii) 50% Posidonia oceanica+50% vermiculite. Subsequently, the development of tomato plants was carried out for 21 days in a greenhouse, and morphological and nutritional parameters were evaluated. Regarding the physical parameters, it should be noted that the Posidonia oceanica plants showed slower growth and a stem length of 30 cm, shorter than the 43 cm of the control and the 45 cm of the peat. However, in terms of nutrition, Posidonia oceanica showed the best values in terms of chlorophyll concentration. The concentration was higher in the samples developed in Posidonia oceanica, reaching a value of 45 mg/kg, followed by the compost (30 mg/kg) and the control (25 mg/kg). Finally, it was observed that Posidonia oceanica was the substrate with the highest percentage of the macronutrients Ca, Mg, K, and Na, as well as in the micronutrients Fe, Cu, Zn, B, and Si. Both the compost from food wastes and Posidonia oceanica treatments were demonstrated to be suitable components for use as agricultural substrates.

Introduction: Agriculture, a sector heavily reliant on weather and climate, is particularly vulnerable to the unpredictability and shifts brought about by climate change. This study specifically addresses the impact of climate change on yields and agricultural production in the Khemisset province, a region within the Rabat–Sale–Kenitra area that is notably susceptible to these environmental changes.

Methods: The methodology used is a combination approach of quantitative and qualitative research. Among other tools for processing data were descriptive statistics and principal component analysis. In total, 120 research units were surveyed in the study area. The middle peasant population was not homogeneous, and four categories of producers were formed to analyze the perceptions and peasant strategies developed. They have been chosen according to the soil, vegetation, and livestock type.

Results: The main conclusions derived from the study results are as follows: We observed a negative evolution of the climate parameters during the last two decades (1985-2015). Virtually all the producers of the area studied perceive a negative evolution of the different climatic parameters, which is consistent in most cases with the analysis of meteorological data. The changes and climate variability have negative impacts on agriculture. The local populations have a good understanding of the evolution of agricultural yields. Using fertilizers, crop rotation, early varieties of crops, and other types of adaptations are the responses by some Zemmour peasants against the effects of climate change.

Conclusions: This study suggests that further research into the application of advanced technologies in agriculture could be beneficial. These technologies have the potential to significantly improve crop yields and quality, offering a promising avenue for mitigating the effects of climate change on agriculture.

Viticulture faces significant challenges due to climate change, impacting grapevine growth, grape quality, and wine production. Environmental factors such as rising temperatures, altered precipitation patterns, and extreme weather events are undergoing substantial changes. These issues, once confined to warmer regions of Southern Europe, now affect cooler areas like Northern Italy, where there is an increasing frequency of storms, heavy rainfall, and heatwaves, which can lead to ripening arrest and quantitative and qualitative losses (i.e. sunburn). This issue affects both red and white grape varieties, with white grapes particularly vulnerable due to reduced acidity levels, crucial for aromatic and sparkling wine production. To address the impact of high day and nighttime temperatures in the summer (from July until harvest), we tested different short-term adaptation solutions, including the use of shading nets and the spraying of particle films such as kaolin and zeolite, the first reducing overall incoming solar radiation and the latter increasing solar radiation reflectance, thereby reducing the temperature of the vine canopy and the grapes. The experiment was carried out in an organic vineyard of Vitis vinifera cv. Glera intended for Prosecco wine production. From pre-véraison to harvest, continuous monitoring of berry temperature and canopy microclimate was carried out, and physiological and morphological measurements were taken. Overall, the results revealed significant differences among the treatments in terms of plant yield, berry size, and the chemical composition of the grape must, suggesting these approaches may hold relevance for other viticultural regions facing heat-related challenges. Additionally, photosynthetic activity varied between treatments, further highlighting the potential usage of these applications in mitigating the impacts of high temperatures on grapevine physiology and wine production.

Climate change has caused various impacts on our planet, presenting an escalating challenge that threatens water and food security, as it directly affects agriculture and livestock production, sectors highly vulnerable to these changes. Therefore, it is crucial to adopt strategies that promote the safe advancement of agriculture. Irrigated agriculture is vital for addressing issues arising from water scarcity, utilizing diverse technologies and methods. In Brazil and worldwide, this practice accounts for the majority of water consumption. In addition to ensuring agricultural production, irrigation significantly contributes to the economic development of these sectors, mitigating the impacts of climate variability. This study focused on analyzing the expansion of irrigated areas in the Brazilian state of Bahia from 1985 to 2023, utilizing irrigation data from MapBiomas Collection 9. The results indicated a significant increase in irrigated area, reflecting the growth and development of agricultural production in the state, with a temporal variation of 90% over the analyzed period. There was a 97% increase in irrigation using center pivots and an 83% increase in the use of other irrigation systems. The substantial rise in the adoption of irrigation techniques is attributed to the expansion of agricultural areas. In conclusion, there is clear evidence of the growth of agricultural production areas in the state, leading to the expansion of irrigation techniques and increased water demand. While irrigation offers benefits, its implementation requires rigorous oversight by responsible authorities due to high water consumption and associated losses. Therefore, it is essential to monitor irrigation systems to maximize their efficiency while minimizing losses from evaporation, leaching, and other adverse impacts.

Population expansion is driving up the prerequisite demand for rice farming, although productivity is steadily falling. Plant growth hormones in excess can cause somaclonal variations and impede the ability of regeneration in tissue culture systems. The two main objectives of the current project were to determine the ideal dosage of plant growth hormones for the in vitro regeneration of the aromatic rice katarivogh (Oryza sativa L.) and to identify the times at which somaclonal variation occurred in the transformed plantlets. Mature seedlings were employed as the initial substance for callus induction, with various concentrations of 2,4-D and NAA. The callus induction probability was approximately 93% on the MS medium including 2,4-D (2.0 mg L-1) and NAA (0.5 mg L-1) after six weeks of treatment. Several concentrations of BAP and Kn were employed to induce embryogenic calli to promote regeneration. The results revealed that within four weeks, the highest regeneration frequency (98%) was attained on the half-strength hormone-free MS medium incorporating BAP (3.0 mg L-1) and Kn (1.0 mg L-1), and the produced shoots were effectively rooted in this medium. Two weeks later, the container harboring the healthy and vigorous plantlets was refilled with soil, coco dust, and vermicompost to allow for acclimatization. The plantlets were assessed for a positive response to regeneration once they adequately appeared and were given time to harden. This developed a sizable number of shoots that could potentially be employed for upcoming genetic investigations.

Leaf vegetable of Amaranthus form a major part of the diet in Sub-Sahara Africa. The two popular cultivars are black and pale seeded. Globally, the seed of Amaranth is considered very important for confectioneries, biscuits, pastry because of the high content of protein. However, production and utilization of pale seeded (Grain) Amaranth is limited. It remains underutilized and has been unable to gain commercial recognition despite its immense nutritional qualities and economic potentials. Therefore, an urgent need to improve the production levels of the Amaranth for leafs and seed. Amaranth grain seed was selected from advanced population derived from Breeding NHAMARI. DNA extraction was carried out using SDS extraction protocol. Dried lead protocol was modified to obtain good quality of DNA. The quality was analyzed subjecting the DNA to Agorose gel electrophoresis. The amplified fragments were sequenced using a Genetic Analyzer 3130xl sequencer from Applied Biosystems using manufacturers’ manual while the sequencing kit used was that of BigDye terminator v3.1 cycle sequencing kit. Bio- Edit software and MEGA X were used for all genetic analysisThe performance of Amaranthus cream seed was excellent when tested in farmers’ field. The overall acceptability was 88.5 (in a 100 points scale). The leaf matures for the first leaf harvest in 10 days after transplanting on the field. The sequencing is used to identify and separate NHAMARI from Amaranthus cream seed. The phylogenetic tree separated the Amaranth into two groups.The new improved variety gave higher yield than the previous released NHAMOLA5 which is known as NHAMARI. The seed yield was 2.8t per hectare compared with 2.5t of NHAMARI