Pineapple cultivation and processing generate large volumes of agro-industrial residues, including peels, crowns, cores, leaves, and fibrous fractions. These residues pose both an environmental challenge and an opportunity for value recovery. The Papaloapan Basin, located in the Lower Papaloapan region of Oaxaca and Veracruz, Mexico, accounts for a significant portion of the country's pineapple production. However, regional waste management practices are uneven and often rely on open-air disposal or low-value applications. This manuscript reviews the composition variation and environmental impacts of pineapple residues and enzyme variation in 2022.
Four cysteine endopeptidases are known from the pineapple plant: fruit bromelain, stem bromelain, ananain, and comosain. Since bromelain is of natural origin, different sources of biological material may exhibit variability in its proteolytic or physiological activity. This work presents the results of monitoring the quantification of protein concentration, proteolytic activity of the cysteine enzymes, and physicochemical parameters (°Brix, pH) of the extracts from pineapple plant residues of the Smooth Cayenne variety in two growth stages. This is intended to explore the potential commercialization of agricultural and agro-industrial residues from whole pineapple plants, a cultivar used in Mexico for canning. The overall correlation between protein concentration and proteolytic activity during May for the four residues (Cs, Cr, Cz, Pu), two maturity levels (G2 and G5), and thirty days of storage at 4 °C (t0, t15, and t30) was r = +0.9358. The correlation values on the day of collection (t0) were +0.9788 ± 1.0 for all residues at both maturity levels. This data is extremely important for a pineapple producer's decision making, as it could determine, according to the degree of ripeness, which sector it will be most feasible to sell their product to. It also proposes an integrated circular-economy framework tailored to the socio-economic and agro-ecological context of the Papaloapan region.

The preservation of reserve areas in rural public settlements plays a fundamental role in maintaining ecosystem services, mitigating climate change, and promoting sustainable development. Given the growing interest in the carbon credit market, the conservation and restoration of these areas have become strategic instruments for environmental and economic development. This article discusses the relevance of preserving legal reserves and permanent preservation areas (PPAs) in public settlements under the jurisdiction of the state of Pernambuco, highlighting their ecological, social, and financial benefits. It also analyzes the potential of these territories for participation in carbon offsetting and credit generation mechanisms. The methodology adopted is based on descriptive research with an individual analysis of each area, a literature review, and an analysis of Brazilian experiences with carbon sequestration and offset projects in collective use areas. The conclusion is that the proper management of these reserves constitutes not only a legal obligation but also an opportunity to integrate environmental conservation with the improvement of the socioeconomic conditions of the settlers. Preserving reserves in public settlements is essential to conserving biodiversity, ensuring ecological balance, and contributing to tackling climate change. With proper management, these areas can generate carbon credits and strengthen the sustainability of settled communities, especially when supported by integrated environmental management policies, forest restoration, and payment for environmental services.