The human microbiota comprises of the ecological community of commensal and pathogenic microorganisms that colonise the human body along with the complex interactions of these microbes with the host. The advent of culture-independent methodologies has revealed the complex and dynamic community of microbes harboured by the human body. Whilst numerous studies conducted on the gut have shown the link between microbiota and a number of human diseases and conditions, very little is documented about the respiratory tract due to the difficulty in collecting GM samples. In addition, not much is known about the effect of chemical exposure on lung microbiota dysbiosis and subsequent linkage to respiratory tract infections. This study critically analyses the known and unknown facts about chemically induced lung microbiota (LM) dysbiosis and disease. The lungs are a non-sterile environment harbouring a microbiota configuration that is distinct from that which inhabits the gastrointestinal tract and other parts of the human body. It is now being recognized that LM can directly impact immunity in manner that can result in disease. Significant differences in community composition have been shown between the LM of diseased lungs with those of healthy subjects. Studies have linked LM dysbiosis with human diseases such Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis, lung inflammation, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and lung cancer. However, it is not known whether LM dysbiosis initiates/promotes disease pathogenesis or is merely a biomarker of disease. Furthermore, what metabolites can be linked to individual disease conditions? Do metabolites play significant roles in LM dysbiosis and disease as they do in GM dysbiosis? Most importantly, is LM amenable to therapeutic manipulation in a manner that can change disease progression? Finally, in order to fully understand the role of LM on human diseases, there is need to investigate other lung microorganisms other than bacteria and viruses.

The urban regeneration is not only an opportunity for the city to adapt according to criteria of resilience to climate change; it is also a significant opportunity to build a city based on an approach to health that places the human person at the centre of the whole system. According to World Health Organization criteria, health means not only the absence of disease but the broader well-being understood as a complex of socio-economic, biological and environmental relationships. We want to present some results of applying this human-centred approach where the shape, texture and materials of the urban fabric are essential to building the boundary conditions for developing a healthy-city. In particular, the analysis will focus on the weaker segments of the population. Not only the protection of the vulnerable is being analysed, but also the inclusion processes that urban regeneration can trigger when they become an integral part of the planning.

Metallocene filled single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are important for air pollution control. Metallocenes are chemical compounds that are sensitive to air pollutions, and they oxidize, and reduct in dirty air with pullutants. Metallocene filled SWCNTs are useful test systems for the air pollutions. The filled SWCNTs are synthesized by the gas and liquid methods, and it is easy to prove the filling. First method includes the filling with gasesous metallocene in glass ampoule in vacuum at low temperature below the decompositon of metallocene. Second method includes the filling in the solution, which should follow by the cleaning from the excess molecules in vacuum. The investigation of electronic properties of metallocene filled SWCNTs is needed for the air pollution studies. The investigations are done with Raman spectroscopy, near edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy, optical absorption spectroscopy, and photoemission spectroscopy. The filled SWCNTs show the n-doping of carbon nanotubes. Various metallocenes were filled inside SWCNTs, such as ferrocene, nickelocene, cobaltocene, cerocene. Here, I demonstrate the electronic properties of metallocene filled SWCNTs [1-4].

[1] M.V. Kharlamova et al., Physica Status Solidi B, 2013.

[2] M.V. Kharlamova et al., Physica Status Solidi B, 2015.

[3] M.V. Kharlamova et al., Physica Status Solidi B, 2016.

[4] M.V. Kharlamova, Progress in Materials Science, 2016.

Today, many advanced systems and techniques are available to monitor ambient air quality, but these systems are not accessible by every nation in the world. Pakistan is fifth most populated country in the world with population of around 212.2 million which require huge quantity of industrial resources and causes air pollution, which need a great attention by the nation but due to lack of data, knowledge, and supervision the air quality of Pakistan is getting worse. To remove this obstacle in data monitoring an innovative, cutting-edge, and emerging technology is proposed (SMS Air Quality Monitoring System) which monitors the ambient air quality remotely. The system consists of 3 sensors (MQ-135, DHT-11, and Gp2y1010au0f) which monitor CO, CO₂, PM₁₀ & PM_2.5, Temperature and Humidity present in surrounding and transfer this data towards the microprocessor which analyze the data and transmit the data on thing speak channel named (SMS Air Quality Monitoring System) where the graphs are generated separately for each parameter between time and concentration in their respective unit (PPM, mg/m³, and ^oC). In this study the air quality of Jamshoro city was determined by selecting two sites “Main gate of MUET” and “Phase one Residential society” which revealed that the concentration of Particulate matter, CO, and CO₂ were exceeding the WHO and NAAQS standards.

The Third pole which includes the Himalayas has experienced significant environmental changes over the last five decades. Indian Himalayan region (IHR) is one of the most fragile ecosystems on this planet. The present study deals with the study of gaseous air pollutants such as SO2,NO2,CO,O3 and NO2 at Mohal Kullu to understand the seasonal behavior of pollutants and there atmospheric reaction with meteorological parameters. Gaseous air pollutants was monitored using Thermo fisher Scientific gas analyzer at ground level and by using SENTINLE -5P data using google earth engine.The results revealed that SO2 showed highest concentration of 2.12±0.03ppb in winter at ground level and lowest concentration 0.81±0.02 ppb in monsoon the reason being low availability of OH radical in winter. NO2 and O3 showed highest concentration in summer followed by autumn and lowest concentration in monsoon due to high rate of photochemical chain reaction in summer when compared to monsoon. Similar results were obtained using SENTINEL-5P data. The present study will help the researchers to understand the environmental chemistry and seasonal atmospheric behavior of gaseous air pollutants in Indian Himalayan Region.

Airborne micro-nanoplastics (MNPs) have become one of the important and emergent constituents of atmospheric aerosols, garnering significant attention in recent times. However, the absence of any standard methods for collecting, sample preparation, and analysis as well as an open database for comparison and compilation of results, has given rise to numerous questions and challenges.

Between August 2022 and January 2023, air samples were collected in Porto, Portugal. To achieve this objective, two types of passive collectors were utilized: the NILU Precipitation Collector for collecting wet atmospheric particulate fallout, and the Atmospheric Microplastic Collector for capturing microplastics in wet and dry deposition. As passive deposition does not provide size-resolving particle sampling, size-fractioning filtration process was adopted after collecting the samples from the air. Different types of sieves and filters, with various porosities, were used to separate particles of different sizes. Sieves with mesh sizes of 125, 63, and 25 μm were employed to retain larger particles, while filters with pore sizes of 12, 0.45, and 0.22 μm were used to retain smaller particles. These smaller particles include the respirable fraction of microplastics, which are categorized based on classification for respirable matter PM₁₀ and PM_2.5. Optical microscopy was used to quantify microplastics after the filtration process. To ensure accuracy in quantification, recovery and blank tests were conducted. The analysis revealed that the respirable fraction size accounted for 25% of the total MNPs, and the quantity of microplastics with sizes ranging from 12 to 0.45 μm in the atmosphere of Porto was more than 400 microplastics per square meter per day (MP/m²/day).

ABSTRACT

Spatial pattern and variability of sea surface temperature SST and its influence on precipitation dynamics in the Gulf of Guinea (GOG) was examined in this study. SST data of 51 years (1970-2021) at 2^o×2^o resolution was obtained from the Columbia Climate School International Research Institute (IRI) at specific locations namely:

The result of the spatial variability of SST over the GOG reveals that increased SST was recorded in the Northern end of the GOG 12^O and 10^oN and lowest westward and southward. In terms of interannual variation, SST was highest in 2019 and lowest in 1976 increasing at the rate of 0.0206⁰C with R² value of 0.3997 implying that 39.97% of the variation while the monthly SST analysis of variability revealed that SST decreased from the January to December at the rate of 0.02268^oC. To assess the impact of SST influence on precipitation dynamics, SST values were plotted against the wettest and driest years base on SPI analysis with positive SST anomalies corresponding to the wettest years and low SST connecting positively to the driest years respectively. This implies that increase in the GOG interacts with other atmospheric processes to produce precipitation intensity and drought episodes in West Africa. The study concludes that the spatial variability of SST observed in this study corresponds positively with seasonal variability of rainfall which forms the basis for further modelling investigation.

ABSTRACT

Daily temperature and precipitation were analyzed for Cairo (Latitude 30.18° S, Longitude: 31.2° E in Egypt.

The study objective was to evaluate the climate indices for extreme weather conditions on temperature and precipitation from 1986 to 2015.

Quality and homogeneity of the time series data were checked using ClimPACT2 software package was used to compute the indices. Annual maximum temperature were statistically significant with a negative linear trend (R²=0.0043). Additionally, results showed a amplitude heat wave Decrease in absolute indices .

The maximum warmest daily temperature (TXx) index showed a predominant decrease in the monthly and annual maximum value of daily maximum temperature at Cairo. The minimum warmest daily temperature (TXn) showed a similar trend for the annual value. The Daily Temperature Range (DTR) significantly decreased annually resulting in a linear slope of 0.0478.

Results also showed that the daily mean temperature (TMm) and mean daily maximum temperature (TXm) had increased from 1986 - 2015.

In the recent years, scientific community is focused on the study of plastic pollution (micro and nanoparticles) in several environmental matrices raising questions about potential adverse effects of these particles on the human health. Microplastics (MPs), defined as particles with diameters <5 mm, including nanoplastics (NPs), with diameters <1 µm, are characterized by large specific surface area and high hydrophobicity. This makes them possible carriers of toxic pollutants. Several studies show interaction of MPs with co-occurring organic pollutants in outdoor environments through different processes that can to alter the characteristics of toxicity, bioaccumulation, degradation of contaminants. However, few studies concern the analysis of MPs in indoor environments, where their presence is expected. In this regard, e-waste recycling plants can be a significant source of MPs and waste treatment workers can be exposed to high concentrations of these contaminants compared to the lowest ones recorded in outdoor environments. The aim of present study is to estimate the exposure of workers to MPs and organic pollutants detected in settled dust and airborne particulate matter (PM) collected in three e-waste recycling plants. In addition, carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk factors were determined considering the three main exposure routes (inhalation, ingestion and dermal contact). Therefore, this study aims to provide a theoretical basis necessary to plan suitable health risk prevention measures in working environments where exposure to MPs may be high.

The present study deals with the change of atmospheric pollutants and quantified values of some meteorological parameters on pre-monsoon (March–May) thunderstorm cloud to ground (CG) lightning days in 0.3⁰× 0.3⁰ grid around Kolkata (22° 34' N, 88° 24' E), India, during the period 2019-2022. This includes the lockdown period 2020 and 2021 (partial lockdown). Rabindra Bharati and Victoria regions which are situated in and around Kolkata are chosen for the present study. The analysis reveals that the atmospheric pollutants, quantified values of meteorological parameters and pre-monsoon thunderstorm cloud to ground (CG) lightning flashes found are minimum during 2020 and 2021. Moreover, it is interesting to note that there is no structural difference present between total thunderstorm cloud to ground (CG) lightning and pre CG lightning days, so far the present data is concerned. Result also depicts that emission of the atmospheric pollutants in thunderstorm cloud to ground (CG) lightning days are always found to be higher in Rabindra Bharati region than Victoria. Not only that no significant relationship (linear or non-linear) exists either between the atmospheric pollutants and thunderstorm cloud to ground (CG) lightning or between the quantified values of meteorological parameters and thunderstorm CG lightning days.