Atmospheric profiles are key inputs in correcting the atmospheric effects of thermal infrared (TIR) remote sensing data for estimating Land Surface Temperature (LST). This study is a first insight into the feasibility of using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to provide high-resolution vertical profiles for LST retrieval. WRF numerical simulations were performed to downscaling NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) reanalysis profiles, using two nested grids with horizontal resolutions of 12 km (G12) and 3 km (G03). We investigated the use of these profiles in the atmospheric correction of TIR data applying the Radiative Transfer Equation (RTE) inversion single-channel approach. The MODerate resolution atmospheric TRANsmission (MODTRAN) model and Landsat 8 TIRS10 (10.6–11.2 µm) band were taken for the method application. The accuracy evaluation was performed using in situ radiosondes in Southern Brazil. We included in the comparative analysis the NASA’s Atmospheric Correction Parameter Calculator (ACPC) web-tool and profiles directly from the NCEP CFSv2 reanalysis. The atmospheric correction parameters from ACPC, followed by CFSv2, had better agreement with the ones calculated using in situ radiosondes. When applied into the RTE to retrieve LST, the best results (RMSE) were, in descending order: CSFv2 (0.55 K), ACPC (0.56 K), WRF G12 (0.79 K), and WRF G03 (0.82 K). The finds suggest that increasing the horizontal resolution of reanalysis profiles does not particularly improve the accuracy of RTE-based LST retrieval. However, the WRF results are yet satisfactory and promising, encouraging further assessments. We endorse the use of the well-known ACPC and also recommend the NCEP CFSv2 reanalysis profiles for TIR remote sensing atmospheric correction and LST single-channel retrieval.