The polymerization of methacrylate compositions used in bone cement is often accompanied by a strong exothermic effect. The polymerizing mass heats up to very high temperatures at the cement application site, irritating the adjacent tissues and even cell death. On the other hand, a bone cement composition should have optimal curing time, which should be long enough to allow for proper preparation of the cement and short enough to prevent leaking of the cement out of the restoration place. Therefore, new compositions are sought to reduce the curing temperature of bone cement and maintain a sufficiently long curing time. Our proposal is based on using five homopolymers obtained by polymerizing urethane-dimethacrylates. They were composed of diisocyanate cores: tolylene 2,4 diisocyanate (TDI), isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), 4,4′-methylenebis(cyclohexyl isocyanate) (CHMDI), and wings: di-, tri-, and tetraethylene glycol monomethacrylate (respectively DEGMMA, TEGMMA, TTEGMMA). The following monomers were obtained: DEGMMA/CHMDI, TEGMMA/IPDI, TEGMMA/TDI, TEGMMA/CHMDI, and TTEGMMA/CHMDI. Neat homopolymers as well as their composites with barium sulfate and hydroxyapatite were tested for curing temperature and time. All proposed systems were characterized by appropriate values of both parameters. The presence of fillers positively affected the studied parameters by lowering the polymerization temperature and time.