The bismuth film electrode (BiFE), which was first used in stripping analysis, is now widely used in electroanalytical laboratories all over the world. Numerous scientists have been inspired to conduct more research and broaden their understanding of the BiFE's electroanalytical performance, which is comparable to, or in some cases significantly exceeds, that of mercury counterparts for the detection of a variety of heavy metals and certain chosen organic molecules. Numerous variations of bismuth-based paste electrodes as well as in situ and ex-situ manufactured BiFE have all been presented as additional types of bismuth electrodes. Since they must be moved from the preparation/modification solution to the measuring cell device and often need to display greater stability for many measurements, the ex situ produced bismuth films among the various types of bismuth film electrodes require acceptable physical and chemical stability. Therefore, in-situ AFM BiFE is preferred due to its chemical stability.

In this study, we are interested in getting an insight into the formation of BiFe on glassy carbon electrode (GCE). We used our home-constructed AFM cell to fit in commercial GCE(working electrode), platinum wire (counter electrode), and Ag/AgCl (reference electrode) and connected them to a potentiostat. The formation/dissolution of BiFE was In-situ monitored using AFM under different electrochemical conditions.