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In Vivo Toxicity and In Silico Molecular Docking of NXH8, a Post-Synaptic Three-Finger Toxin from Micrurus corallinus, in Comparison to α-Bungarotoxin.
1 , 2 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 5 , 6 , * 1
1  Laboratório de Biotecnologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), São Paulo 01504-001, Brazil.
2  Diretoria da Saúde, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), São Paulo 01504-001, Brazil.
3  Departamento de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-887, Brazil
4  Laboratório de Toxinologia e Estudos Cardiovasculares, Universidade do Oeste Paulista (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente 19067-175, Brazil
5  Service d’Ingénierie Moléculaire pour la Santé (SIMoS), Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, Université Paris Saclay, Commissariat à l’énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), F-91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
6  Centro Bioindustrial, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil
Academic Editor: Takahito Ohshiro

Abstract:

Introduction: Coral snakes of the genus Micrurus, primary representatives of the family Elapidae in the Americas, contain potent neurotoxins, making envenomation highly dangerous. In Brazil, M. corallinus and M. frontalis cause most bites. Recently, NXH8, a three-finger toxin (3FTx) with antagonistic activity on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR), was characterized. Methods: Anti-NXH8 antibodies were produced in Balb/c mice. In vivo toxicity was assessed in mice receiving 3 LD50 of M. corallinus venom (control) or synthetic NXH8. The neutralizing capacity of anti-NXH8 antibodies was tested in mice injected with venom pre-incubated with saline (G1), antivenom (G2), anti-NXH8 antibodies (G3), and post-treated with Varespladib (VPL) intramuscularly after intraperitoneal administration of venom pre-incubated with saline (G4) or pre-incubated with anti-NXH8 antibodies (G5). Survival was monitored for 48 hours. Results: Mice injected with venom pre-incubated with saline (G1) died in 6.00 ± 1.22 hours, while those injected with venom pre-incubated with antivenom (G2) survived for more than 48 hours. Anti-NXH8 antibodies (G3) resulted in a survival time of 7.2 ± 0.84 hours, with no significant difference from G1 (p = 0.108). VPL administration post-venom (G4) increased survival to 10.2 ± 0.45 hours (p < 0.05). VPL post-venom pre-incubated with anti-NXH8 (G5) increased survival to 11.0 ± 1.22 h, not significantly different from G4 (p = 0.207). Docking simulations indicated that NXH8 binds to nAChR but lacks crucial residues for effective interaction, explaining its low toxicity. Conclusion: NXH8's low toxicity in vivo is likely due to structural differences from α-bungarotoxin, suggesting that other venom toxins, including presynaptic β-neurotoxins such as Phospholipase A2 (PLA2), may contribute to lethality. This study was conducted under Animal Ethics Committee Protocol 4463100419 with financial support from H.R-R. (FAPESP: 2017/18398-1) and S.H. (CNPq: 406816/2022-0).

Keywords: Three-Finger Toxins; 3FTx; Micrurus corallinus; Coralsnakes; AlphaFold2; Rosetta Docking; α-neurotoxin; nAChR
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