Advancements in animal genetics and genomics have significantly transformed our understanding of livestock and wildlife biology, providing powerful tools for enhancing productivity, disease resistance, and overall animal health. Through genomic technologies, such as next-generation sequencing, genome-wide association studies (GWASs), and gene editing techniques, researchers are able to identify, map, and modify genes linked to key traits, enabling more precise and efficient breeding programs. In livestock production, genomic selection allows for the rapid identification of animals with desirable traits, such as higher milk yield, lean meat production, or improved feed efficiency, helping to meet the demands of a growing global population while minimizing environmental impact. In addition to production gains, genomics plays a pivotal role in enhancing animal resilience against diseases. Identifying genetic markers associated with disease resistance enables selective breeding for healthier livestock populations, reducing dependency on antibiotics and leading to more sustainable farming practices. Gene editing technologies, such as CRISPR, offer further potential to introduce beneficial traits or eliminate hereditary diseases, accelerating genetic improvement in ways previously unattainable through traditional breeding.

Moreover, genomics has crucial applications in wildlife conservation, providing insights into genetic diversity, population structure, and evolutionary adaptations. These insights guide conservation efforts to protect endangered species, mitigate the impact of habitat loss, and preserve biodiversity. The integration of genomics into animal breeding and conservation represents a critical step towards achieving sustainable animal production systems and biodiversity conservation.

This review explores the advancements, applications, and ethical considerations in animal genetics and genomics, highlighting the transformative potential of these technologies in modern agriculture and conservation.