Introduction:
Cartilage damage, caused by injury or degenerative diseases, presents significant challenges due to the tissue's limited self-healing capacity. Polymeric hydrogels, with their biocompatibility, tunable mechanical properties, and ability to mimic the extracellular matrix, are emerging as promising materials for cartilage regeneration. This study investigates the potential of polymeric hydrogels as cartilage substitutes, emphasizing their role in supporting tissue repair and integration.

Methods:
Biodegradable hydrogels were synthesized using alginate (2% w/v) and PVA (10% w/v), with 5% (w/v) calcium phosphate nanoparticles to enhance bioactivity. The hydrogels were characterized for mechanical strength, swelling ratio (250 ± 15%), and degradation (15% mass loss in 30 days). In vitro studies using chondrocyte cultures assessed cell viability (>90% after 7 days) and extracellular matrix production. Further, 3D-printing was employed to fabricate patient-specific hydrogel scaffolds with a porosity of 300 ± 20 μm to mimic native cartilage architecture.

Results:
The hydrogels exhibited mechanical properties similar to natural cartilage, with controlled swelling and degradation suitable for integration into damaged tissues. The 3D-printed scaffolds demonstrated consistent geometry, promoting nutrient diffusion and matrix deposition.

Conclusions:
Polymeric hydrogels represent a promising solution for cartilage regeneration, offering mechanical and biological properties that support tissue repair. Their adaptability to 3D printing enables personalized approaches, highlighting their potential for clinical applications in treating cartilage defects.

Acknowledgments:
This study was conducted within the SMART-MAT Functional Materials Scientific Club as part of the "Biocomposites for Regenerative Medicine Applications" project, funded by FutureLab at Cracow University of Technology.