The rapid growth of the global population has led to increased agricultural activity, resulting in significant challenges for waste management and environmental conservation. This study examines the impact of agricultural modernization on carbon emissions, land use, and biodiversity. It highlights the need for sustainable practices, such as watershed development, integrated resource management, and data-driven agriculture, to address these challenges and ensure food security and environmental sustainability. Additionally, this research investigates the potential benefits and risks of
using nanomaterials and organic fertilizers in agriculture.

Given the increasing challenges of sustainable agriculture, Nepal should prioritize policies that integrate digital technologies, sustainable land management practices, and circular economy approaches. This would involve promoting the adoption of Agriculture 5.0, investing in watershed development and management, and encouraging the use of organic fertilizers derived from agricultural waste. Furthermore, Nepal should strengthen its public--private partnerships to address issues like legacy phosphorus pollution and to promote the efficient use of water resources, particularly in the context of climate change and growing population pressures.