The Mediterranean region is highly vulnerable to climate change, with impacts including rising temperatures, fluctuating precipitation, sea-level rise, and increasing water scarcity. These environmental changes intensify pressures on agriculture, food security, human health, and economic stability, while also amplifying geopolitical challenges linked to the management of shared and transboundary freshwater resources.

This study provides a multidimensional analysis of freshwater management in the Mediterranean, examining environmental, socio-economic, geopolitical, and technological dimensions. It evaluates how climate change undermines water availability and quality, and explores the consequences for agriculture, food systems, and regional stability. Technological opportunities, including improved smart irrigation systems, wastewater reuse, and desalination, are assessed alongside the limitations of existing water infrastructure.

In addition, the study identifies cross-cutting aspects of sustainability, highlighting the need to integrate ecological resilience, economic feasibility, and social equity into regional strategies. A SWOT analysis is employed to systematically assess the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of different management approaches.

The findings show that effective solutions require a combination of technological innovation, sustainable land and water management practices, and strengthened regional cooperation. Frameworks such as the European Green Deal and the Union for the Mediterranean can support these efforts by fostering solidarity and reducing conflict potential.

Ultimately, this study underscores the importance of coordinated strategies that reconcile environmental science, economic policy, and societal engagement to secure a sustainable freshwater future for the Mediterranean.