Optical fiber biosensors could be used to develop Point-Of-Care Tests (POCTs) for detecting viruses and bacteria in several matrices. In particular, the Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) and Localized SPR phenomena (LSPR) can be excited by exploiting low-cost and small-size optical fiber chips. Generally, SPR or LSPR sensors are realized using several kinds of modified optical fibers (silica, plastic, or specialty) or exploiting other optical waveguides (e.g., slab, spoon-shaped waveguides, etc.). More specifically, optical fiber sensors can be classified as intrinsic or extrinsic. In the “optical fiber intrinsic sensors”, the sensing area is realized in the optical fiber directly, such as in the case of plasmonic platforms based on D-shaped plastic optical fibers (POFs), tapered optical fibers, U-bend POFs, or light-diffusing fibers (LDFs). On the opposite, when the optical fiber is used as a mere waveguide allowing the launch of light to the sensing region and its collection, it is defined as “optical fiber extrinsic sensors”, like in the case of the plasmonic sensors realized by Cennamo et al. via POFs combined with spoon-shaped waveguides, 3D-printed platforms, bacterial cellulose waveguides, nano-gratings and InkJet printed based chips. To realize optical biosensor chips for viruses and bacteria detection, both intrinsic and extrinsic plasmonic POF sensors can be efficiently combined with receptors specific for membrane proteins, either biological (e.g., antibodies, aptamers, enzymes, etc.) or synthetic (e.g., molecularly imprinted polymers), to build groundbreaking POCTs.

Reactive distillation (RD) combines chemical reaction and separation in a single unit essential to equilibrium-limited reactions. This new technique has multiple advantages over traditional processes, including lower operating costs, increased thermal energy efficiency, high product selectivity, high purity percentage, and lower environmental impact. This paper provides an overview of the features, industrial applications, and industrial perspective of Advanced Reactive Distillation Technologies (ARDT). The study focuses on five under-development ARDTs: Reactive Dividing-Wall Column (R-DWC), Reactive High-Gravity Distillation (R-HiGee), Reactive Heat-Integrated Distillation Column (R-HIDiC), Catalytic Cyclic Distillation (CCD), and Membrane-Assisted Reactive Distillation (MA-RD). The primary drivers for new RD applications are: reduced number of vessels, reduced residence time and holdup volume, increased mass and heat transfer, overcoming azeotropes, and prefractionation or impurity removal. ARDT's potential has yet to be studied, and research remains active to improve it further by investigating other RD technologies, simulation, and optimization techniques.

Biodiesel is defined as a mixture of fatty acids and methyl esters. Using waste cooking oils as raw material can prefer an acidic catalyst to carry out an esterification reaction in biodiesel production. Researchers have generally used heterogeneous sulfonated solid catalysts for this reaction. However, the by-product water, the result of the biodiesel production process, absorbs on the catalyst surface. So, it is crucial to select hydrophobic support. To use sulfonated UiO-66 for biodiesel production via the esterification of waste cooking oil is logical. Besides its hydrophobicity, it knows that UiO-66 has high chemical and thermal stability, high surface area, and uniform pore structure. The study aims to determine the effective parameter in biodiesel synthesis from oleic acid esterification on sulfonated UiO-66 with ANCOVA analysis. For optimization analysis, Sigma Plot 14.0 software was utilized as software. Holm-Sidak test was applied for one-way ANCOVA. Parameters were effective on the oleic acid conversion rate selected as esterification temperature, time, catalyst amount, and methanol/oleic acid rate.

Zinc oxide (ZnO) is a crucial material for industries such as rubber production, biomedical applications, and metal surface treatment areas. ZnO has semiconductivity, antimicrobial activity, and UV absorption capability. This material is regarded as a vulcanization activator. Transform this material to a nanoparticle prefers because increasing the materials particle size decreases and surface area occurs in this way. In scientific literature, researchers have attempted to increase the features of ZnO nanoparticles to use them as a photocatalyst and an antimicrobial agent. Besides that, it studied improving properties of this nanomaterial to use in energy cells and sensors. The synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles in a biological way is accepted as an eco-friendly process. Since hazardous chemicals and high energy are not used, the biological method is called green synthesis. In the synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles via the green route, zinc nitrate or zinc acetate is the source of zinc salt added to biological extracts. These extracts can obtain from algae, plants, and bacteria. The reaction between the salt and extract occurs, then thermal treatment is applied to reach the nanoparticle.

Recent advances in nucleation and crystal growth have revolutionized our understanding and control of crystallization processes. This paper highlights key developments in this field and the processes and technologies involved in its continuous growth. Advanced computational models have allowed for precise prediction of nucleation rates and crystal morphologies, facilitating the rational design of materials with desired properties. Innovative strategies involving templating, self-assembly, and additive engineering have also emerged, enabling enhanced control over crystal growth kinetics and crystallographic orientations. These breakthroughs hold tremendous promise for diverse applications, ranging from pharmaceuticals and materials science to energy storage and catalysis.

This research is concerned with the free vibration and buckling analysis of carbon nanotube-reinforced beams (CN-RBs) using a novel high-order shear deformation theory (HSDT). The current HSDT is modeled by a trigonometric function without a shear correction factor, and the displacement field has only four variables. Several different carbon nanotube distributions, including two new uneven CNT distributions (quadratic and exponential-cotangent), are considered. The mixture rule is applied to express the effective material properties of carbon nanotube-reinforced beams. The CNT beams are rested on two springs and a shear layer (Kerr foundation). Hamilton's principle is employed to derive the governing equations, which are then solved using the Navier technique. The current theory and several parameter effects are studied and validated in comparison to benchmark studies and theories.

The main purpose of this study is to enhance understanding of high-order shear theories, such as third order, sinusoidal, exponential, etc. In this context, our theory yields excellent results when compared to other theories. The difference between our theory and the exact solution is minimal, at just 0.054%, making it superior to other theories. The second part of the study focuses on investigating the distribution of carbon nanotubes to enhance understanding. This knowledge can assist panel manufacturers in determining the appropriate distribution shape. Our results indicate that the second distribution (exponential-cotangent) significantly influences the mechanical behavior, unlike the first distribution (quadratic).

This work focused on the study of efficient solutions for the improvement of the mechanical behavior and movement capability of industrial devices with mobile parts subjected to three-point bending load. To achieve the aim of developing efficient engineering solutions, several stages were followed. A sensitivity analysis was done to one of the beams in order to determine the influence of each variable in the mass and in the displacement’s parameter space. It has been shown that parameterizing the ANSYS input file is effective for finding out how sensitive is the system to the design variables studied. The results of the sensitivity analysis may be used in the future to choose the variable weights that will be used in optimization techniques and processes.

Civilizational development, the formation of a contradiction between the technosphere and the biosphere with the consequences of greenhouse effects, carried out within the framework of technological structures independent of socio-economic formations. Allocate: governing bodies and activities that provide significant growth (or control planetary environmental safety); the key factors are the technological innovations that created the sensation; carrier industries - consume consuming factors that play a key role in the spread of a new technological order. The technosphere, as the main product of civilizational development, has gone through a number of pre-industrial and at least five industrial technological modes and will most likely move into the sixth (post-industrial) technological mode. The main causes of greenhouse gases are gas emissions, methane, ozone. The rise in the 20th century of increased temperature on the surface of the planet as a result of a reaction to anthropogenic emissions of gases - oxides of accidents, tropospheric ozone and its "expectations", halogenated hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, etc.

Spasticity is a disorder characterized by an unnatural rise in muscular tone or stiffness, which may impair speech or movement and be accompanied by discomfort or pain. Spasticity can occur due to upper motor neuron dysfunction, which comes about when there is disturbance of inhibitory descending spinal motor pathways. The aim of the present work is formulate nanoemulsion loaded metaxalone and evaluate it for various parameters. Metaxalone is used with rest, physical therapy, and other measures to relax muscles and relieve pain and discomfort caused by strains, sprains, and other muscle injuries. The phase titration method was use to plot pseudo ternary phase diagram to select the ratio of oil and surfactant. The nanoemulsion was prepared by the high speed homogenization method and an in-vitro drug release study was conducted using a Franz- diffusion cell. The optimized batch showed the highest entrapment efficiency, up to 93%, and the zeta potential (-33 mV) and PDI (0.321) showed stable and homogenous behavior of the globule formed. It also showed in-vitro release of up to 8 hours following zero order release. Therefore, we conclude that nanoemulsion containing metaxalone showed a prolonged effect compared to plain metaxalone and can effectively work to improve the muscle conditions to relive pain and injury.

Urticaria it is a autoimmune disease and many patients are suffer from it. The research aims to investigate the development and characterization of Ebastine-loaded transfersomal nanogel for enhancement of bioavailability in the treatment of urticaria. The flexible transfersomes, consisting of the drug Ebastine, soya lecithin, and edge activator Tween 80, were prepared with the thin film hydration method. The transfersomal nanogel was formulated by using the dispersion method and utilizing a suitable concentration of the gelling agent Carbopol 934. Transfersomes and its gel were evaluated for various parameters. The Ebastine loaded transfersome showed the highest entrapment efficiency, up to 79.92%. The polydispersity index (PDI) of the transfersomes was determined to be 0.103 and the zeta potential to be -18.9 mV, indicating that the formulation was stable. The drug content of the transfersome gel was found to be 83.67%. Transfersomal gel formed using 1% Carbopol 934 showed the best results, showing in-vitro release up to 8 hours and following a zero-order kinetic model. As per the microbial studies conducted, the Ebastine transfersomal gel has a good anti-microbial impact against S. aureus. These vesicular transfersomes are more flexible than other vesicular systems, making them excellent for skin penetration. In future it will be a best possible approach for the delivery of drug via transdermal route.