This contribution proposes a study on the change in risk perception and behavioral responses of a convenience sample of 707 university students (M_age = 23.4; SD = 5.4) in Lazio Region during the spread of the Covid-19 epidemic in Italy. Three time intervals defined by the progressive containment measures implemented by the Italian Government were considered. Main outcome measures were the Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES), Risk Perception Index (RPI), Index of Self-restraint Behaviours (ISRB), Institutional and Interpersonal Trust Measures (IIT). Results confirmed that significant changes in the time progression have occurred in the perception of risk, in the perception of individual self-efficacy, in the value attributed to social responsibility, in interpersonal trust and in trust in health authorities.

Introduction

The spread of novel coronavirus (COVID-19) has significantly impacted the global financial markets over a relatively short period. The COVID pandemic's strong spillover effect on stock markets gained the attention of policymakers and academicians worldwide. The extant research has examined the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on stock markets response in different contexts and yield mixed evidence. This research aims to synthesize the findings of the studies that have explored the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on stock markets to identify the research progress and the research trends in this contemporary literature through a bibliometric and systematic review.

Methods

We have searched contemporary literature on spillover effects of COVID-19 on stock markets from Scopus databases. We have finalized 69 studies. We conducted the bibliomatric analysis through bibliomatrix R package and systematic review by following PRISMA guidelines.

Findings

The most common keywords are COVID-19, coronavirus, pandemic, stock market, event study, stock market volatility, lockdowns, google trends. The finance research letter is the key journal in which 17 out of 69 papers have been published. Chinese researchers make the highest contributions with 17 publications out of 69. We have identified five research trends: 1) fear of COVID-19 enhanced stock market volatility and reduced efficiency; 2) COVID-19 events analysis; 3) Investors sentiments analysis based on google trends during COVID-19; 4) sector-wise impact of COVID-19 in stock markets; 5) consequences of government response strategies on stock markets.

Conclusion and implications

Our study highlights the research progress on the spillover effects of COVID-19 on stock markets. Few studies have focused on negative news biasness in the stock market during the crisis period precisely. Thus, we suggest upcoming studies contribute to this issue empirically. We have observed a lack of research on the post-pandemic effects of COVID-19 on stock markets. Therefore, we suggest that upcoming studies explore the post-pandemic strategies' effects on stock markets. Our research also suggests that policymakers and researchers design preventive strategies for stock markets to avoid the detrimental effects of future infectious diseases and pandemics. Finally, we recommend that regulators must focus on small equity investors and small firms with high debt and working capital requirements in stimulus packages during the crisis period and provide awareness against panic selling and herding

Preschool ages are an important window period for the development of children's fundamental motor skills. Caregiver's behaviour, mannerism, habits and expectations of participating in sports play an important role in the development of children fundamental motor skills. Grandparents upbringing is a very common phenomenon in China, this study was to compare the preschool children's fundamental motor skills development in China base on different caregivers group and gender. were assessed using the test of gross motor development,third edition (TGMD-3). Two-factor analysis of variance was used to explore the relationship between different genders and different groups of caregivers and children's fundamental motor skills. The interaction between the total score of object control and the development of ball catching was significant (P < 0.05).On the premise of different genders, there was a difference between the Parent care group and the eldercare group in different caregiver groups, and the performance of boys in the parent care group was better than that of the eldercare group (P < 0.05). No such difference was seen among girls; On the premise of different groups of caregivers, there were differences between the two genders in the parent care group, and boys performed better than girls (P < 0.05). No such difference was observed in the elder care group. There are differences in the development of object control skills among different caregivers and children aged 4-5 years of age with different genders, so the training of object control motor skills among different caregivers should be strengthened to avoid the difference in basic motor development of children caused by the difference between caregivers and gender.

PURPOSE:

The COVID-19 pandemic dynamic of sheltering-in-place affords possible opportunities to address social determinants of health (SDOH), as they relate to sexual and reproductive health knowledge (S&RHK). Strategic and crucial opportunities might exist for educational interventions by caregivers engaging in more frequent and prolonged encounters with young people. The purpose of the study was to evaluate whether two social determinants of health, income and education, are associated with sexual and reproductive health knowledge among adult women.

METHODS:

A 50-item survey was administered to women, aged 20-89 years, in two outpatient, metropolitan, primary care clinics in the United States. 18 of the 50 questions gauged S&RHK, and had only one correct answer. The maximal attainable score was 18. Data was coded and analyzed using IBM-SPSS. Statistical analysis included: Pearson correlation, t, and Chi-squared tests. Statistical significance was established at p <0.05.

RESULTS:

287 women, with a mean age of 55.3 ± 14.2 years, were surveyed. The majority (85.7%) were African-American, with 66 % having incomes ≤ $50,000. Average years of formal education were 14.1 ± 2.5 .The mean S&RHK score was 10.2 ± 3.6, on a scale of 0-18. Of those with formal sex education, 43.5% stated it was sufficient. 32% reported no history of formal sex education. 97% reported that having sufficient S&RHK was important. Positive correlations were found between years of education, income, and S&RHK scores (p<0.001); a negative correlation between age and S&RHK scores (p<0.001).

CONCLUSIONS:

S&RHK was strongly associated with education and income: two SDOH. Older women, irrespective of income, were found to score lower. Educational attainment seemed to have been the discriminating factor in this demographic. All three may figure prominently into an assessment of the effects of social accountability (i.e. the micro-, meso-, and macro- elements of social determinants of health) on health outcomes.

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has had a direct impact on the health care system, adversely affecting services delivery and continuity, particularly in low-income countries. The overwhelming workload, the shortage of personal protective equipment, and the lack of specific Personal protective equipment (PPE), and drugs are some noted challenges. As a result of this critical situation, healthcare and humanitarian workers who are directly involved in the diagnosis, management, and prevention of COVID-19 are at high risk of contracting COVID-19 disease and developing psychological disorders, distress, and other mental health symptoms.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the magnitude of mental health and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) outcomes and associated factors among humanitarian and healthcare workers (HCW) working on prevention and management of COVID-19 in East African Countries (EAC).

DESIGN, SETTINGS, AND PARTICIPANTS: This cross-sectional, online-based survey study collected socio-demographic, mental health, and HRQoL data from 739 frontline and second-line workers in healthcare facilities and humanitarian NGOs working on COVID-19 prevention and management in seven Eastern African countries (Burundi, Kenya, Tanzania, South Sudan, Somalia, Ethiopia, and Rwanda).

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The degree of symptoms of depression, anxiety, insomnia, and distress, alcohol, and tobacco consumption, HRQoL (SF-6Dv2 and CORE-6D), and fear of COVID-19.

ANALYSIS: Multivariable logistic regression analysis, one-way ANOVA, and T-test to identify factors associated with mental health and HRQoL outcomes.

RESULTS: A total of 739 contacted individuals in December 2020 completed the survey. The study participants included 62.7% of males and 37.3% of females. Among them, 12.4% were humanitarians and 87.6% were healthcare workers. About 83% were from Burundi and 17% from other Eastern African countries. The HRQoL mean scores measured by the SF-6Dv2 and the CORE-6D were respectively 0.86 and 0.80. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that country of origin, chronic disease, being tested positively to COVID-19, being exposed to death due to COVID-19, increased alcohol uptake, having experienced nightmare, insomnia, distress, stress, and fear of COVID-19 were independent predictors of HRQoL of front- and second-line workers. Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis also found that having a chronic disease, being exposed to patients and death due to COVID-19 cases, depression, insomnia, stress, and fear of COVID-19 were independent predictors of the CORE-6D score.

CONCLUSION: This study showed that healthcare and humanitarian workers are affected by mental health disorders such as depression, anxiety, stress, and insomnia, which negatively impacted their Health-related quality of life (HRQoL). The study findings suggested that psychological support to ensure humanitarian and healthcare worker's safety and wellbeing is required during and after this pandemic.

This study aimed to evaluate the changes in the health-related quality of life of immigrant Chinese women in Japan following the COVID-19 outbreaks. We conducted a paper questionnaire survey and an electronic questionnaire survey before and after the COVID-19 outbreak. HRQOL was evaluated using the 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey version 2.0. The women showed a high impaired risk of functioning due to mental health problems and presented a decreased impaired risk of the physical health-related domain. The women demonstrated poor mental health, but emergency prevention measures have given them a chance to rest and improve their physical health.

Throughout the globe a new infection named as coronavirus, that is spreading among human being very fast and intensely. Due to the fast spread of this virus since December 2019, the financial activities across the whole world are deteriorating. There was a lockdown in the whole world because of which the world’s biggest stock markets have collapsed. Unemployment in the whole world has increased in a large number and the trade between the countries stopped. To stop the spread of virus between person to person, the World Health Organization (WHO) has advised the people to adopt the home isolation. The main challenge in this pandemic is to identify the infected people from this virus. The present method which are commonly used are measuring of body temperature and doing blood test. However, body temperature detection and lab testing of the blood is complex and intrusive. The current challenge is to develop some technology to non-intrusively detect the suspected coronavirus patients at crowded places through the COVID alike symptoms of cough, sneezing and flu. Another, challenge to conduct the research on this area is the difficulty to obtain the data set due to limited number of patients to give their consent to be part of the research study. Looking at the efficacy of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in healthcare systems, it is a great challenge for the researchers to develop an AI algorithm which can assist health professionals and government officials to automatically identify and segregate the people having coronavirus symptoms such as cough and flu. Hence, this paper proposes a novel proof of concept system using ML-DCNNet to identify the Coronavirus infected people through facial expression (FE) recognition. The proposed algorithm takes the facial expressions of the people and identifies the facial expressions linked with normal health, cough, sneezing and flu. The data of the facial expressions have been collected through market places, medical clinics and quarantine centers in India. The working of the developed algorithm has been divided into dual stages, at the first stage, the suspected COVID infected patients are classified using Expression-Net on the basis of FEs and in the second stage, intensity level is checked using Intensity-Net to segregate the suspected people with cough, sneezing and flu symptoms. The proposed prototype of ML-DCNN is used to measure the people infected with COVID-19 with their symptoms intensity estimation has been carried out by using the COVID-19 datasets. The proposed system will act as a COVID alert system about the presence of suspected Coronavirus infected people with symptoms of cough, sneezing and flue. It is the first kind of study to analyze the facial expressions and behavioural measures (coughing, sneezing, flu and hand movements). This is study is a proof of concept which can be viable solution in future to detect the suspected COVID patients. However, this needs to be tested on larger dataset. It has been foreseen that the proposed method will demonstrate a distinguished performance as contrast to the situation of the skill methods being used currently.

A series of studies have proved that green space can influence air pollution, which is the main risk factor for asthma. In addition, the biodiversity hypothesis suggests using green space contributes to increasing human commensal microbiota on the skin, which is possible to enhance the immunity to allergic atopy. Given that, the co-effects of green space might jointly influence asthma. However, existing studies mainly focus on one or part of the pathway between them, and most of them shed light on the influence of greenness or trees on asthma. Green space structure that can play a role in influencing both air pollution and microbial diversity is also probably a sig-nificant factor to influence asthma. Based on that, the present study takes Toronto as the case to explore two potential mechanisms between green space structure and asthma. Besides, tree diver-sity that might moderate the influence of green space structure on asthma was also considered in this study. After regression analysis was applied in SPSS, the impact of green space structure on the prevalence of asthma by reducing air pollution was not found in this study. Moreover, green space structure has no significant relationship with the prevalence of asthma, but when moder-ated by tree diversity, it has the potential to reduce the prevalence of male asthmatics and such moderation effect of tree diversity on green space structure only works in male asthmatics. Except for that, several covariates selected in this study were also found to correlate with the prevalence of asthma. In particular, the relationship between household income and the prevalence of asth-ma only significantly exists in female asthmatics.

This nationwide cross-sectional study aimed to compare Brazilian dietitians’ perceptions of quality of life before and during the pandemic, using a previously validated self-administered instrument WHO-QOL-BREF in Brazilian-Portuguese. Other sociodemographic variables and three questions about the Sars-CoV-2 period were included, and the instrument was applied using GoogleForms^®. Paired T-test, Chi-squared test, and Analysis of Variance were used for statistical analysis. A representative sample of 1290 dietitians from all the Brazilian regions answered the questionnaire. QoL before SARS-COV-2 (3.83±0.59) was statistically different from during the pandemic (3.36±0.66). Comparing before and during the pandemic, statistical differences were found for all variables and domains (worse in the pandemic period). The second domain (psychological health) was the most affected among Brazilian dietitians. The Sars-Cov-2 pandemic was associated with a negative impact on QoL of Brazilian dietitians, health professionals that faced changes in different areas of their lives.

Aim: The first wave of the Covid-19 pandemic was an event that fundamentally changed the way people live and the functioning of the health system in Poland. The study aimed to examine whether the pandemic and the associated lockdown caused Polish people to engage in more self-medication-related behaviors.

Method: An online survey of a quota sample of 1013 people was obtained, the sample being representative of the Polish adult population with respect to gender, age, place of residence (in terms of population size), province of residence, and education. The survey was carried out just after implementation of the last stage of the Polish government’s defrosting process on June 6, which allowed Poles to return to a “new normality”.

Results: Almost half of the respondents (45.6%) indicated that they had engaged in at least one behavior associated with inappropriate self-medication during lockdown: 17.9% had taken medication for the enhancement of physical/cognitive performance; 16.9% had taken prescription medication without consulting a doctor; 15.2% had refrained from consulting a doctor despite having worrying symptoms; 19.4% had bought prescription medications just in case they might need them in the near future; 8.3% had talked a doctor into prescribing medication; 16.6% had taken medication as a precaution against becoming ill. Unsurprisingly, Pole’s self-medication-related behaviors had occurred more often before the lockdown (in the whole of their lives up to lockdown) than during the lockdown (a period of only 3 months), but such behaviors occurred in many people for the first time during the lockdown (from 7% to 15.5%).

Conclusion: The issue of self-medication requires discussion if appropriate public health programs are to be developed. The availability of doctors is still limited and there is a possibility of further lockdowns, this possibility presenting a risk that the often dangerous practice of self-medication will become more prevalent. This is probably an issue in other countries in addition to Poland.