Over the past three decades, the international climate governance framework has evolved from the rigid, top-down structure of the Kyoto Protocol to the adaptive, country-driven mechanisms of the Paris Agreement. This transformation marks a decisive legal and political shift—from uniform emission obligations to differentiated yet cooperative action grounded in shared responsibilities. Within this evolution, adaptation has gained recognition as a legally grounded and indispensable pillar of the climate response. Article 7 of the Paris Agreement establishes a global goal on adaptation—to enhance adaptive capacity, strengthen resilience, and reduce vulnerability within the context of sustainable development and the Agreement's temperature goals.

This paper examines how the architecture of the Kyoto and Paris regimes can integrate emerging technologies to enable effective adaptation governance. Digital and data-driven innovations such as remote sensing, Internet of Things (IoT) systems, and geospatial mapping are discussed as instrumental in strengthening national adaptation planning, vulnerability assessment, and evidence-based policy formulation. Drawing on examples from climate-smart agriculture and natural resource management, the analysis highlights how these tools reinforce transparency, enhance cooperation, and expand adaptive capacity in line with the Enhanced Transparency Framework (Article 13).

By embedding technology transfer and digital cooperation within the evolving legal architecture of climate governance, the paper advocates a forward-looking interpretation of global climate law—one that links adaptation, equity, and innovation through shared responsibility and differentiated capability.

Amid rising volumes of municipal and agricultural waste, our initiative outlines a unified Waste Management and Resource Recovery Hub (WMRRF) designed to advance circular bioeconomy strategies through cutting-edge technology and regulatory frameworks. Leveraging cross-field partnerships in eco-engineering, biotech, and jurisprudence, the project seeks to repurpose challenging waste streams—such as organics, synthetics, and toxics—into premium assets, including renewable fuels, organic soil boosters, eco-polymers, and carbonized amendments, while reducing ecological harm and carbon emissions. Near-term aims include building compact setups for sorting, aerobic breakdown, gas fermentation, and element reclamation, alongside probes into bio-based solutions and community practices shaping local handling networks. Over the horizon, plans include expanding pilot areas, catalyzing business ventures through industry-academia partnerships, and embedding inclusive decision-making to drive fair job creation.

In handling refuse, the hub integrates smart computing to streamline operations and enable full-cycle audits, boosting material reuse and reducing reliance on dumping, aligning with national zero-emission pledges. On the rules side, it emphasizes data-driven rule-making, incorporating maker accountability schemes (EPR), adherence to national disposal codes, and a framework for ongoing oversight. Linking tech breakthroughs to people-focused law, this blueprint promises tougher safeguards, knowledge sharing, and cross-sector collaboration, paving the way for robust waste networks that balance environmental solutions, cost-effectiveness, and fair legal footing.

Introduction
Heavy-metal pollution represents a critical threat to environmental and public health due to the persistence, non-biodegradability, and bioaccumulative nature of these elements. Contaminated waters used for agriculture, drinking, or discharged as urban wastewater constitute major exposure routes for humans and ecosystems. In recent years, nature-based bioremediation strategies employing non-pathogenic microorganisms have gained attention for the selective removal of dissolved metals. Among these, bacterially induced bioprecipitation has emerged as a promising approach due to its efficiency, specificity, and operational sustainability.

Methods
This study evaluated the capacity of selected non-pathogenic ureolytic bacteria to induce co-precipitation of Cd²⁺ as a carbonate mineral phase. Two microbial strains, Vibrio harveyi and Glutamicibacter bergerei, known for catalyzing ureolysis-driven increases in pH and carbonate alkalinity, were tested. Cultures were grown in defined liquid media supplemented with urea and NaCl under controlled laboratory conditions (30 °C, initial pH 7.0, continuous aeration). Cadmium was introduced at an initial concentration of 50 ppm in synthetic contaminated-water matrices. Incubations were carried out for 8 days, with periodic sampling for quantitative analysis of residual metal concentrations using standard chemical methods. Statistical analyses were applied to assess strain-dependent differences and the significance of operational variables.

Results
Both bacterial strains demonstrated notable Cd²⁺ removal through microbially induced carbonate precipitation, forming predominantly insoluble metal–carbonate compounds. Removal efficiencies approached 80%, highlighting the strong potential of ureolytic bioprecipitation for application in contaminated-water treatment.

Conclusion
The proposed biotechnology offers an environmentally sustainable remediation option, generating no toxic by-products and enabling in-situ deployment without chemical additives. These findings provide a scientific basis for further optimization and pilot-scale implementation. The study presenting a solid nature-based strategy for mitigating heavy-metal contamination in aquatic systems.

Clinoptilolite-type zeolites were tested for their effectiveness in removing ammonium from standing water bodies. To enhance their retention efficiency to nearly 100% for ammonium ions, a thermal treatment at 50°C was identified as an effective method. To assess the changes in the zeolite structure resulting from this thermal treatment, both the original and thermally treated samples were analyzed using Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). This advanced technique allows for an in-depth examination of the morphology, topography, and elemental distribution within the samples.

The findings indicated an increase in porosity in the thermally treated zeolite samples, accompanied by a reduction in particle size. This morphological enhancement is crucial for increasing ammonium filtration efficacy, as increased porosity can improve ion-exchange capacity. The elemental composition of both the original and thermally treated samples is O₂, Si, Al, Fe, K, Ca, Mg, and Na. Notably, the elemental composition of the zeolites and their concentration remained approximately the same throughout the thermal treatment process, suggesting that the thermal modifications primarily affected the physical structure rather than altering the inherent material properties. These results underscore the potential of thermally treated clinoptilolite-type zeolites as effective filtering agents for ammonium removal from aquatic environments, providing a promising approach for environmental remediation in standing waters.

Mussel farming is a major sector of Italian aquaculture, primarily based on the Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis (Lamarck, 1819). For an ecological perspective, this species is used as a sentinel organism due to its filtration capacity and ability to bioaccumulate contaminants. Within the AMICA project, a multidisciplinary study was conducted at a mussel farm in the Gulf of Pozzuoli, a well-known area under anthropogenic pressure, to investigate mussel physiological stress and metal accumulation. Shell length was measured in mussels collected in June 2024, from three farming ropes (R1, R2, R3). Trace metals (Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, U, V, Zn) were quantified by ICP-MS in intervalvar waters and dried soft tissues. These matrices showed distinct patterns: intervalvar waters reflected ambient metal levels, whereas tissues acted as biological accumulators. Zn was markedly enriched in intervalvar waters, consistent with tight regulation, while Fe and V were substantially higher in tissues, suggesting greater retention. To link chemical patterns to physiological status, gill tissues were analysed for redox homeostasis by measuring Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), lipid hydroperoxides (HPs), protein carbonyls (CO), in vitro susceptibility to oxidation (ΔHPs), and Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC). ROS levels did not differ significantly among groups, although R3 showed a slight increase accompanied by higher HPs and ΔHPs, indicating enhanced oxidative pressure. CO remained stable, while TAC increased in R2 and R3, suggesting activation of antioxidant defences. These responses align with the elevated accumulation of V, Fe and Zn in R3, pointing to metal-induced oxidative stress. Size-class analyses further showed that larger individuals accumulated higher metal concentrations, confirming size-dependent bioaccumulation. Overall, the mussel farm appears influenced by environmental conditions of the study area, and the integrated chemical–physiological evidence provides a valuable baseline for understanding contaminant dynamics and ensuring the quality and safety of M. galloprovincialis.

Introduction:
Green extraction techniques are essential for reducing the environmental impact of natural product isolation and advancing circular bioeconomy strategies. Hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents (DESs), particularly menthol-based systems, have emerged as biodegradable, low-toxicity alternatives to conventional organic solvents. This study evaluates a menthol–dodecanoic acid DES as a sustainable medium for extracting phenolic acids and flavonoids from commonly used Lamiaceae herbal drugs.

Methods:
Ten monocomponent herbal drug samples (basil, thyme, savory, oregano, sage, mint, lavender, rosemary, lemon balm, and an additional thyme sample) produced at the Institute for Medicinal Plant Research “Dr Josif Pančić” were examined. Extractions were carried out using a hydrophobic DES composed of menthol and dodecanoic acid (2:1). Phenolic profiles were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), focusing on representative phenolic acids and flavonoids.

Results:
The DES demonstrated effective solubilization of compounds with different structural characteristics. Coumaric acid was detected in concentrations ranging from 0.0244 to 0.0308 mg/g drug, quercetin from 0.1189 to 0.2025 mg/g drug, and naringenin from 0.2912 to 0.3483 mg/g drug. In lavender extract, cinnamic acid was additionally quantified at 0.0177 mg/g drug. These findings confirm that the menthol–dodecanoic acid DES enables successful extraction of both phenolic acids and flavonoids without relying on volatile or hazardous solvents.

Conclusions:
The menthol–dodecanoic acid DES represents an environmentally friendly, economical, and efficient extractant for selected phytochemicals from Lamiaceae plants. Its performance supports broader implementation of hydrophobic DES within sustainable extraction platforms aimed at reducing ecological burden and improving the selectivity and safety of natural product processing.

The growing deployment of Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAFs) collides with an aviation greenhouse gas (GHG) accounting landscape that remains largely fossil-baseline- and tank-to-wake (TTW)-focused. Operational calculators used for corporate reporting and disclosure—such as Google’s Travel Impact Model, IATA CO₂ Connect, the ICAO Carbon Emissions Calculator, ATP-DEC and the UK DEFRA factors—generally assume 100% conventional jet fuel and offer little structural treatment of SAF. This study quantifies well-to-wake (WTW) CO₂-equivalent emissions for ten commercial flights operated with certified SAF blends and documented pathways, including hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids (HEFAs), Fischer–Tropsch fuels and power-to-liquid e-fuels. Using flight-specific fuel uplift, blend share and aircraft data combined with ISO 14067/14083-consistent life-cycle assessment, the analysis derives WTW intensities per flight, per seat-kilometre and per passenger-kilometre. These empirical results are then compared with estimates from the above calculators, each run under its native distance uplift, passenger-and-cargo allocation and non-CO₂ conventions. The comparison decomposes discrepancies into contributions from the TTW versus WTW scope, treatment of SAF, non-CO₂ assumptions and allocation rules. In addition to climate change impact, the work screens a limited set of further impact categories (such as land-use change, eutrophication potential and water use) to explore trade-offs for SAF produced from dedicated biomass versus waste-based feedstocks. Building on the findings, the paper proposes a minimal, auditable protocol for integrating SAF into existing tools—explicit TTW/WTW disclosure, transparent non-CO₂ options, pathway- and blend-specific WTW factors and book-and-claim rules compatible with SAF certificates—aimed at making SAF deployment visible, comparable and verifiable in Scope 3.6 business-travel accounting.

This paper examines how universities could offer more integrative curricula to enhance students' skills. While many have historically narrowed the study of environmental policy to a mix of economics, ethics, and politics, this paper extends beyond these boundaries to advance the discipline towards greater knowledge and effectiveness. In particular, a literature review with a theory-building approach was employed to identify the policy’s central perspectives of economics, ethics, and politics, juxtaposed with an investigation of more peripheral perspectives. These perspectives are synthesized, and tangible examples of how to pursue pluralism are provided. Overall, while environmental policy has several common traits ingrained in its literature and practice, integrating additional perspectives, such as post-structuralist and psychoanalytic, can enhance disciplinary cognition and ultimately spur virtuous policymaking. Referred to as ‘pluralist epistemology’, this approach is identified as a strategy that develops more innovative environmental leaders. Pluralist epistemology can enrich environmental policy education by blending mainstream and alternative perspectives to support critical thinking (e.g., through collaborative simulations or integrative policy labs) and by fostering better policymaking by challenging dominant assumptions and embracing complexity. This type of critical thinking can be fundamental as institutions of higher education continue to seek dynamic ways to meet the evolving academic demands of the 21st century.

Phthalates are widely used plasticizers that readily migrate from indoor materials into dust and airborne particles, potentially posing health risks for workers in small enterprises such as car repair shops. This study assessed the concentrations of 13 phthalate esters in indoor dust and PM₁₀ from car repair workshops in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, and estimated occupational exposure for adult workers. Floor dust samples were collected from multiple car repair workshops using a standard vacuum-based sampling method. Indoor PM₁₀ wassimultaneously sampled on quartz fiber filters using a Micro-Environmental Monitor 400, and all samples were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). All target phthalates were frequently detected in both matrices, with substantially higher levels in dust than in PM₁₀. In dust, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) was the predominant compound, with mean and maximum concentrations of 4.1×10⁵ and 8.0×10⁵ ng/g, respectively, followed by benzyl butyl phthalate (BzBP) and diethyl phthalate (DEP). In PM₁₀, DEHP also dominated (mean 2.8×10³ ng/g), with notable contributions from Di-isobutyl phthalate (DiBP), DEP, and dimethyl phthalate (DMP). Combined exposure through dust ingestion and inhalation was primarily driven by DEHP (median 538 ng/kg bw/day; 90th percentile 1055 ng/kg bw/day), while other phthalates, including BzBP, DEP, DiBP, DMP, and di-n-octyl phthalate (DnOP), contributed appreciably to the cumulative phthalate burden. The exceptionally high DEHP levels in dust, coupled with measurable airborne concentrations, indicate an intense use or continuous presence of DEHP-containing materials, lubricants, and plastic components in car repair environments. The estimated occupational exposures approach, and in some cases exceed, those reported for other high-contact indoor micro-environments, highlighting car repair shops as an overlooked yet significant source of phthalate exposure for adults. These findings highlight the need for better material selection, improved ventilation, personal protective equipment, and stronger hygiene practices to reduce phthalate exposure among auto-repair workers in similar settings.

The adsorption capacity of raw almond shells (RASs) was evaluated for the removal of two synthetic textile dyes, Bemacron Blue RS 01 (BB-RS01) and Bemacid Marine N-5R (BM-N5R), from aqueous solutions. Prior to adsorption tests, RAS was characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDX), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface analysis, thermogravimetric/differential thermal analysis (TGA/DTA), and point of zero charge (pHpzc) determination to assess its physicochemical properties relevant to adsorption. Batch adsorption experiments were then conducted under varying operational parameters, including contact time, dye concentration, biosorbent dosage, particle size, pH, and temperature. Rapid dye uptake occurred within the first 30 minutes, reaching equilibrium after two hours. Maximum dye removal efficiencies of 90% for BB-RS01 and 80% for BM-N5R were achieved at acidic pH (2–4) and low initial concentrations (15 mg.L^-1). Increasing biosorbent dosage and decreasing particle size enhanced adsorption efficiency. The adsorption process exhibited endothermic behavior, with optimal performance at 35 °C.
Kinetic data were best fit by a pseudo-second-order model, suggesting chemisorption as the controlling mechanism. Equilibrium data followed the Langmuir model for BB-RS01 (R² = 0.995) and the Freundlich model for BM-N5R (R² = 0.850), indicating monolayer and heterogeneous multilayer adsorption, respectively. The maximum adsorption capacities were 208.33 mg.g^-1 for BB-RS01 and 243.90 mg.g^-1 for BM-N5R. Regeneration studies showed stable adsorption performance for up to four reuse cycles.
These findings confirm that RAS is a promising, sustainable, and low-cost biosorbent for the treatment of dye-contaminated wastewater, supporting circular economy and green chemistry principles.