The human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is a transmembrane glycoprotein with tyrosine kinase activity involved in different cellular processes such as proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation. HER2 is overexpressed in several types of solid tumors, including breast and prostate cancer, and it has been associated with aggressiveness, poor prognosis, resistance to therapy, and fast growth. Recent advances in nanomedicine have shown potential for application in cancer detection. In this study, we designed a nanosystem (NS) based on gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) conjugated with a fluorescent HER2-specific aptamer to detect and treat HER2-positive cancer cells. The conjugate formation was characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, agarose gel electrophoresis, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Then we evaluated the hemocompatibility and compared the cytotoxic effect between NS and trastuzumab in three cancer cell lines (LNCaP, HCC1954, and ZR7530) and a non-cancerous cell line (Vero CCL-81) as a control. Characterization methods confirmed the conjugation of the fluorescent aptamer to the surface of AuNPs. The hemolysis test showed little to no hemolytic activity of the NS at the concentrations evaluated (0.05, 0.5, and 5 ng/µL). Results of viability assays showed different effects, depending on NS dose and HER2 expression levels between cell lines. Fluorescence detection suggests that NS can specifically bind to cells with high HER2 expression. This preliminary study reveals the potential of aptamer-functionalized AuNPs as a theranostic tool in HER2 overexpressing cancer cells.

Nanotechnology is used today in a wide range of industries. Weakly water-soluble medications are better soluble and bioavailable when delivered by nano-specific drug delivery methods, such as nanocrystals. Another name for ziprasidone is (5-[2-[4-(1,2-benzisothiazol-3-yl)-1-piperazinyl]ethyl]-6-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one. A brand-new "atypical" or "second-generation" antipsychotic drug. Its multipotent G-protein-coupled (GPCR) receptor binding profile is distinctive. It is used to treat bipolar disorder-related acute manic or mixed episodes as well as schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is a serious mental condition in which a person experiences bizarre reality views. Ziprasidone is a highly lipophilic and unstable drug. Another incarnation of ziprasidone nanoparticles is used to treat diseases. When ziprasidone is present in the form of particles with an effective average crystal size of less than or equal to 100 nm, the term "nanoparticle" is frequently used to characterize them. A colloidal submicron dispersion of ziprasidone particles is what ziprasidone nano suspension and nano emulsion are made of. One formulation that makes use of solubilization technology is a nanosuspension of crystalline ziprasidone free base. In order to get around the drug's solubility issue and investigate its potential for nose to brain delivery, the buffered nano emulsion of ziprasidone HCl has also been created. We discussed numerous ziprasidone nano formulations used to treat psychotic illnesses in this review.

A skin ailment known as psoriasis, which affects 2-5% of people worldwide, is characterised by excessive keratinocyte proliferation and abnormal differentiation. Calcipotriene, a synthetic vitamin D analogue, is the first-line treatment for psoriasis. It may be used In combination with methotrexate, tazarotene, acitretin, cyclosporine and corticosteroids. It reduces the number of T cells and regulates the inflammatory response in psoriatic lesions. However, the effectiveness of pharmacotherapy based on conventional formulations for treating patients is only partially favourable. Recent developments in nanotechnology-based nanomedicines may allow us to improve the efficacy and safety of pharmacotherapeutic treatments for psoriasis. Enhancing therapeutic efficacy while lowering toxicity through overall dose reduction are two spectacular effects of using nanomedicine as a medication carrier. This novel method efficiently ensures the site-specific administration of medications throughout the skin to treat psoriatic lesions. The present manuscript aims to discuss about chemistry and pharmacology of Calcipotriene as well as conventional pharmacotherapy and contemporary research on Calcipotriene and its combinations used as Nanomedicines for the better management of psoriasis. This review Primarily focuses on Nanoemulsion Loaded Gel of calcipotriene and clobitasol propionate as it offers high drug loading and retention into the skin, improving local concentration of both the drugs and reducing their systemic side effects. And Calcipotriene and Methotrexate combined in a nanostructured lipid carrier are most recent generation of solid lipid nanoparticles, with better drug loading, controlled release and enhanced bioavailability.

Nanotechnology has prompted new aspirations for managing modern human challenges. Furthermore, it has been utilized for aid in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of ovulatory disorders. Women with ovulatory issues may benefit from formulation using nanotechnology as an alternative possible treatment. Clomiphene citrate is non-steroidal, ovulatory stimulant that acts as a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). It is a triphenyl ethylene stilbene derivative that is primarily used to trigger ovulation in female infertility cases where there is anovulation. Anovulatory infertility is most frequently caused by polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) which is a gynaecological endocrine disorder. Elevated serum concentrations of androgens, LH and insulin are the main features of its endocrine profile. The primary goal of treating PCOS-related infertility is to increase the amount of FSH that is exposed to the ovary, either by antagonizing the estrogenic effects of clomiphene citrate in the hypothalamus or by directly affecting the ovary using recombinant FSH. In about 80% of treated individuals, ovulation is recovered by clomiphene citrate. In this review, we discussed the chemistry and pharmacology of clomiphene citrate as well as the delivery of clomiphene citrate via nanosystems for improving solubility and limiting side effects. The hyphenated techniques for analysing and quantifying clomiphene citrate in solvents and biological samples are also overviewed.

Obeticholic acid (OCA), also known as 6alpha-ethyl-3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-5-cholon-24-oic acid, is a semi-synthetic derivative of chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA, 3alpha,7alpha, dihydroxy-5-cholon-24-oic acid), a primary bile acid that is produced in the liver from cholesterol and is comparatively hydrophobic. OCA, a farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonist, is crucial for the enterohepatic movement of bile acid. OCA has significantly improved biochemical outcomes in preliminary tests in individuals with Primary Biliary Cholangitis (PBC). PBC is an autoimmune disease of the liver characterised by cirrhosis, cholestasis, fibrosis, and destruction and inflammation of the intrahepatic bile ducts. The autoimmune reaction is mostly responsible for it. In order to reduce inflammation, OCA targets the physiological and immunological functions of PBC. Drug are used in immunological therapy. Targeting specific cytokines and chemokines associated with inflammation, as well as immunological molecules involved in B cell and T cell responses. We concentrate on numerous nanotechnology therapeutic modalities for liver illness in this review. Nanomedicine provides a novel strategy that focuses on tolerance induction rather than immunosuppression, offering significant promise for the treatment of autoimmune illnesses. Immune-modifying drugs can be incorporated into tolerogenic nanoparticles to safely and effectively target the antigen-specific immune response in autoimmune disorders. The anatomical characteristics and immunological uniqueness of PBC, these may be particularly effective.

Gemfibrozil is a benzene derivative of valeric acid that belongs to the class of medications known as fibrates. Its chemical name is 5-(2,5 dimethylphenoxy)-2,2-dimethylpentanoic acid. It has been the treatment of choice in clinical settings for hyperlipidemia (type III) and hypertriglyceridemia (type IV), and it has been shown to reduce serum triglycerides and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol while increasing high density lipoprotein cholesterol by activating the peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs), acting primarily on the PPARa isoform. Gemfibrozil’s effective absorption and bioavailability after oral administration are constrained by its small molecule size, poor water solubility (0.01 mg/mL), and slow rate of digestion. These factors are caused by the drug’s physicochemical characteristics. Gemfibrozil’s solubility may be increased by creating nano-specific drug delivery methods, such as nanocrystals or nanosuspensions or a lipid-based formulations. In the literature, the lipid-based drug delivery system has received substantial coverage for improving drug solubility, permeability, and bioavailability. Self-nano emulsified delivery systems (SNEDDS), for example, are lipid-based formulations that are supposed to improve lipophilic drug absorption. When gently stirred, SNEDDS, which are isotropic solutions of oil, surfactant, co-surfactant, and medicine, produce an oil-in-water emulsion in an aqueous environment. This review will demonstrate the techniques used to increase solubility and bioavailability of Gemfibrozil.

In this paper, we propose a model for the dependence of the heat capacity of thin metal films on temperature and a significant number of atomic layers in films. At the basis of the model presentations, studies of statistical physics of solid state and for the composition of bodies and ideas about the distribution of basic quantities in a set of oscillators distributed in solids at high temperatures, i.e. obtaining Bose-Einstein.

The calculations were performed based on a comparison of the values ​​of the Helmholtz free energy for different film configurations and the number of layers in them. The main tool for implementing the model was the formation and further calculation of the partition function, which was an expression of the distribution of principal quantum numbers in the complex system of a thin film. Calculations have shown that there is an optimal film thickness at which the maximum heat capacity is achieved.

The calculation results show the presence of an increase by 15 - 30% in the heat capacity of thin films corresponding to 300 - 500 atomic layers from the Dulong-Petit law, i.e. exceeding the heat capacity values ​​in comparison with bulk objects for a certain temperature range. The main parameters that were included in the calculations were: Debye temperature, metal density, temperature.

One of the most widely used nanomaterials at present is zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NP), with multiple applications in cosmetic, technological industry and, recently, also in biomedicine. This widespread use means that humans are increasingly being exposed to these NP, raising concerns about how this could affect health. Despite being one of the most studied NP from a toxicological point of view, much remains unknown about how they may affect specific cell types, such as glial cells, and their mechanism of action. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects on cell viability caused by exposure to ZnO NP in the human glioblastoma A172 cell line, and the role of Zn²⁺ in the observed effects. ZnO NP were characterised, and cellular uptake was assessed by flow cytometry. The effects on cell viability were assessed by MTT assay. To determine the role of Zn²⁺ ions in the observed effects, we analysed their release from ZnO NP by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Then, cells were treated with zinc sulphate at concentrations that equal the amount of Zn²⁺ ions released by the tested concentrations of ZnO NP. Exposure to ZnO NP induced a significant decrease in cell viability depending on the dose and treatment duration. The ability of ZnO NP to release Zn²⁺ ions into the medium in a concentration-dependent manner was confirmed; however, the their presence was not responsible, at least entirely, for the observed cytotoxic effects. These results provide information about the toxic potential of ZnO NP in human glial cells and the involvement of Zn²⁺ ions released in the observed effects.

Funding: Ministry of Science and Innovation: MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 (Grant PID2020-114908GA-I00), Xunta de Galicia (ED431B 2022/16 and ED481A 2019/003), CICA-Disrupting Project 2021SEM‐B2, and Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport [BEAGAL18/00142 to V.V.].

Nowadays, Bio-Electrochemical System such as Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) and Microbial Electrolysis Cells (MECs) draw increasing attention for their potential application in sustainable energy production. Both systems leverage the electrogenic ability of selected biofilms, which consume chemical energy to produce electricity, in MFCs, or to promote hydrogen gas production, in MECs. In both MFCs and MECs, the anode electrode offers mechanical support and an electron sink for the biofilm. For this reason, it is crucial to optimize the electrode’s surface morphology and electrical properties, so to promote biofilm adhesion and proliferation, while minimizing electrical losses due to interfacial impedances. To this end, previous studies proposed the decoration of commercial carbon paper with the well-known conducting polymer Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly-styrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) (http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.125985). In addition, the surface decoration with Polyethylene oxide (PEO) demonstrated to promote biofilm proliferation (http://doi.org/10.3390/nano10030523). In this work, we focus on Electrospray and Ultrasonic Spray Coating as two promising and innovative fabrication techniques for the deposition of PEO and PEDOT:PSS solutions on commercial carbon paper. Electrospray offers the advantage of depositing nanoscale droplets with excellent uniformity on conductive substrates. For comparison, Ultrasonic Spray Coating also provides good deposition uniformity over large scale substrates. Employing electron microscopy, for both techniques we determined the deposition conditions providing the best uniformity of the electrodes’ surface morphology. In addition, we investigated the use of Raman spectroscopy to validate and map such spatial uniformity in a more quantitative manner. Moreover, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry demonstrated the improvements, given by electrodes’ surface decoration, in terms of conductivity and capacitive properties. As final stage, we are currently comparing in complete MFC devices the performance and stability of PEO and PEDOT:PSS decorated electrodes.

Recently, gold nanoparticles have attracted a lot of interest in research because of their unique properties. this is mainly a consequence of the localized surface plasmonic resonance defined by collective oscillations of free electrons of gold nanoparticles under an external electromagnetic field. Due of their plasmonic resonances, gold nanoparticles absorb strongly photonic energy at visible or infrared frequencies, and converting it into heat, leading to an increase in lattice temperature. As a result gold nanoparticles can be used as effective nano-heat sources, making the possibility of selectively targeting cancer cells to induce highly localized thermal destruction.

The present work deals with numerical study of the ultrafast thermal dynamics of exchange of electron-phonon energy inside Gold nanoparticle with a diameter of 40 nm heated by femtosecond pulses laser. In order to present a descriptive analysis, a unique spherical Gold nanoparticle is assumed heated by one single Gaussian pulse laser and cooled in water (the properties of water are comparable to biological tissues). Two temperatures model is used to describe the energy exchange dynamics of gold nanoparticle. Electron and phonon temperatures were computed for 100 femtoseconds duration pulse. The temperature at the gold nanoparticle/water interface is calculated and the effect of laser fluence on this temperature is reported.