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Techniques to expand the exit pupil of Maxwellian display: A review
Rajveer Kaur
,
Raj Kumar
*
1  CSIR - Central Scientific Instruments Organization, Sector 30C, Chandigarh, 160030, India
2  Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
Academic Editor: VIJAYAKUMAR ANAND
Published: 06 March 2023 by MDPI in Holography Meets Advanced Manufacturing session Holography 1
https://doi.org/10.3390/HMAM2-14128
Abstract:

The near-eye display (NED) devices are required to provide visual instructions in the fields of education, navigation, military operations, construction, healthcare, etc. The issues with conventional NEDs are the vergence-accommodation conflict (VAC) and form factor. The Maxwellian display alleviates the VAC in NEDs by providing always-focused images to the viewer regardless of the depth of focus of the human eye. The main limitation of the Maxwellian display has a limited exit pupil size. Due to misalignment of the device or eyeball rotation, the user may miss the eye box, and the image will become lost. To mitigate this limitation, exit pupil expansion can be obtained either statically or dynamically. This paper reviews the various techniques employed to expand the exit pupil. The review includes the principle, advantages, and drawbacks of various techniques for expanding the exit pupil of the Maxwellian display. The structure of the paper starts with an introduction and the principle of the Maxwellian display, followed by a discussion of the main limitations that arise with various techniques, along with potential solutions.

Keywords: Maxwellian display; exit pupil; near-eye display, Retina scan display; AR/VR display
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Comments on this paper
Viola Case
8 January 2024
VAC is the result of a disruption in the usual coordination between the accommodation of the lens and the convergence (vergence) of the eyes in the visual system. Conventional NEDs may not always focus pictures at the proper depth, which can cause pain and visual fatigue for the user. doodle jump
Cole Mackenzie
27 June 2024
Near-eye display (NED) devices are used to offer visual instructions in a variety of industries, including education, navigation, military, construction, and healthcare emoji.
The primary concerns with traditional NEDs are vergence-accommodation conflict (VAC) and form factor.
thomas buff
7 January 2025
Techniques to expand the exit pupil of a Maxwellian display focus on enhancing the user's viewing experience by improving the alignment and size of the image seen through optical devices. These methods are used to increase comfort and visual clarity, especially in applications like augmented reality and eye-tracking systems. Meta Services App
Victor Bentley
11 February 2025
Important insights into the developments and difficulties in holographic display technology are offered by this study of the literature. The focus on the geometry dash unblocked of spatial light modulator (SLM) technology and its constraints provides insight on the state of dynamic holographic displays today. Listen to spine-tingling sound effects while you compose scary music in Sprunki Retake.
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25 April 2024
Would this be useful for newer version of outdoor VR glasses, similar to ones Apple released? Could imagine it would allow a lot more eye relief while walking/running(maybe can even conntect it to fit band/fit watch while running. Would love to have more exact data, just got into running few months ago, picked up a new pair of Hoka shoes just now :D )
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25 April 2024
Would this be useful for newer version of outdoor VR glasses, similar to ones Apple released? Could imagine it would allow a lot more eye relief while walking/running(maybe can even conntect it to fit band/fit watch while running. Would love to have more exact data, just got into running few months ago, picked up a new pair of Hoka shoes just now :D )
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Basroal teela
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Form factor and vergence-accommodation conflict (VAC geometry dash subzero) are drawbacks of conventional NEDs. The Maxwellian display mitigates the VAC in NEDs by supplying the viewer with consistently focused images, irrespective of the human eye's depth of focus. The primary drawback of the Maxwellian display is its restricted pupil size at the exit.
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Kathy Barrera
7 September 2024
The Maxwellian display reduces VAC in NEDs by providing the viewer with constantly focused images, regardless of the human eye's depth of field. The main disadvantage of the Maxwellian display is the limited pupil size at the exit(eggy car).
Wandataylor Taylor
22 May 2024
One technique to expand the exit pupil of a Maxwellian display involves using a microlens array to project multiple overlapping images, thereby increasing the effective viewing area.
Another method is to employ diffractive optical elements, which can manipulate light paths and create a larger online automaty za peníze na Hravelka uniform exit pupil without significantly increasing the display's physical size.
Utilizing waveguides with embedded holographic structures can also help expand the exit pupil by directing and expanding light beams across a wider area.
Additionally, integrating freeform optics into the display system allows for customized light shaping, ensuring a broader and more accessible exit pupil for enhanced user experience.
Wandataylor Taylor
22 May 2024
One technique to expand online automaty za peníze na Hravelka the exit pupil of a Maxwellian display involves using a microlens array to project multiple overlapping images, thereby increasing the effective viewing area.
Another method is to employ diffractive optical elements, which can manipulate light paths and create a larger, uniform exit pupil without significantly increasing the display's physical size.
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12 December 2024
The Maxwellian display emerges as a promising solution to these challenges by offering always-focused images. Yet, its practical application is hampered by a limited exit pupil size, posing wheelie bike alignment and usability challenges.
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The Maxwellian display emerges as a promising solution to these challenges by offering always-focused wheelie bike images. Yet, its practical application is hampered by a limited exit pupil size, posing alignment and usability challenges.
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